Using visual calculations (preview)

A visual calculation is a DAX calculation defined and executed directly on a visual. Visual calculations make it easier to create calculations that were previously hard to create, leading to simpler DAX, easier maintenance, and better performance.

Here's an example visual calculation that defines a running sum for Sales Amount. Notice that the DAX required is straightforward:

Running sum = RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount])

A calculation can refer to any data in the visual including columns, measures, or other visual calculations. This ability removes the complexity of the semantic model and simplifies the process of writing DAX. You can use visual calculations to complete common business calculations such as running sums or moving averages.

Visual calculations differ from the other calculations options in DAX:

• Visual calculations aren't stored in the model, and instead are stored on the visual. This means visual calculations can only refer to what's on the visual. Anything in the model must be added to the visual before the visual calculation can refer to it, freeing visual calculations from being concerned with the complexity of filter context and the model.

• Visual calculations combine the simplicity of context from calculated columns with the on-demand calculation flexibility from measures.

• Compared to measures, visual calculations operate on aggregated data instead of the detail level, often leading to performance benefits. When a calculation can be achieved either by a new measure or a visual calculation, the latter often leads to better performance.

• Since visual calculations are part of the visual, they can refer to the visual structure, which leads to more flexibility.

For a more in-depth comparison of ways of adding calculations in Power BI, see Using calculations options in Power BI Desktop.

Once you enable visual calculations, you can:

• Add visual calculations to your reports
• Hide certain fields
• Create visual calculations quickly using templates
• Make flexible visual calculations by referring to the visual's axes

The following sections provide details about how each of the elements, described in the previous bullets, work with visual calculations.

Enable visual calculations

Before September 2024, to use visual calculations, you must enable it in Options and Settings > Options > Preview features. Select Visual calculations and select OK. Visual calculations are enabled after Power BI Desktop is restarted.

From September 2024 onwards, this step is no longer necessary as visual calculations are enabled by default. While they're still in preview, you can use the above settings to disable visual calculations if preferred.

Adding a visual calculation

To add a visual calculation, select a visual and then select the New visual calculation button in the ribbon:

The visual calculations window opens in Edit mode. The Edit mode screen consists of three major sections, as shown from top to bottom in the following image:

• The visual preview which shows the visual you're working with
• A formula bar where you can add visual calculations
• The visual matrix which shows the data in the visual, and displays the results of visual calculations as you add them. Any styling or theming you apply to your visual isn't applied to the visual matrix.

To add a visual calculation, type the expression in the formula bar. For example, in a visual that contains Sales Amount and Total Product Cost by Fiscal Year, you can add a visual calculation that calculates the profit for each year by typing:

Profit = [Sales Amount] – [Total Product Cost]

By default, most visual calculations on a visual are evaluated row-by-row, like a calculated column. In the previous example, for each row of the visual matrix the current Sales Amount and Total Product Cost are subtracted, and the result is returned in the Profit column. Although possible, there's no need to add an aggregation function like SUM as you would in a measure. In fact, it's better not to add such aggregates when they're not necessary, so you can more easily distinguish between measures and visual calculation expressions.

As you add visual calculations, they're shown in the list of fields on the visual:

Additionally, the visual calculation is shown on the visual:

You can use many existing DAX functions in visual calculations. Functions specific to visual calculations are also available. Since visual calculations work within the confines of the visual matrix, functions that rely on model relationships such as USERELATIONSHIP, RELATED or RELATEDTABLE can't be used.

Hiding fields from the visual

In visual calculations edit mode, you can hide fields from the visual just like you can hide columns and tables in the modeling view. For example, if you wanted to only show the Profit visual calculation, you can hide Sales Amount and Total Profit cost from view:

Hiding fields doesn't remove them from the visual or from the visual matrix, so your visual calculations can still refer to them and continue to work. A hidden field is still shown on the visual matrix but isn't shown on the resulting visual. It's a recommended practice to only include hidden fields if they're necessary for your visual calculations to work.

Using templates

Visual calculations include templates to make it easier to write common calculations. You can find templates by selecting the template button and choosing a template to work with:

You can also create a templated visual calculation from the ribbon by clicking the bottom part of the New Visual Calculation button.

The following templates are available:

• Running sum. Calculates the sum of values, adding the current value to the preceding values. Uses the RUNNINGSUM function.
• Moving average. Calculates an average of a set of values in a given window by dividing the sum of the values by the size of the window. Uses the MOVINGAVERAGE function.
• Percent of parent. Calculates the percentage of a value relative to its parent. Uses the COLLAPSE function.
• Percent of grand total. Calculates the percentage of a value relative to all values, using the COLLAPSEALL function.
• Average of children. Calculates the average value of the set of child values. Uses the EXPAND function.
• Versus previous. Compares a value to a preceding value, using the PREVIOUS function.
• Versus next. Compares a value to a subsequent value, using the NEXT function.
• Versus first. Compares a value to the first value, using the FIRST function.
• Versus last. Compares a value to the last value, using the LAST function.

Selecting a template inserts the template in the formula bar. You can use these templates as starting points. You can also add your own expressions without relying on templates.

Axis

Many functions have an optional Axis parameter, which can only be used in visual calculations. Axis influences how the visual calculation traverses the visual matrix. The Axis parameter is set to the first axis in the visual by default. For many visuals the first axis is ROWS, which means that the visual calculation is evaluated row-by-row in the visual matrix, from top to bottom. The following table shows the valid values for the Axis parameter:

Axis icon	Axis name	Description
	ROWS	Calculates vertically across rows from top to bottom.
	COLUMNS	Calculates horizontally across columns from left to right.
	ROWS COLUMNS	Calculates vertically across rows from top to bottom, continuing column by column from left to right.
	COLUMNS ROWS	Calculates horizontally across columns from left to right, continuing row by row from top to bottom.

Reset

Many functions have an optional Reset parameter that is available in visual calculations only. Reset influences if and when the function resets its value to 0 or switches to a different scope while traversing the visual matrix. The Reset parameter is set to None by default, which means the visual calculation is never restarted. Reset expects there to be multiple levels on the axis. If there's only one level on the axis, you can use PARTITIONBY. The following list describes the valid values for the Reset parameter:

• NONE is the default value and doesn't reset the calculation.
• HIGHESTPARENT resets the calculation when the value of the highest parent on the axis changes.
• LOWESTPARENT resets the calculations when the value of the lowest parent on the axis changes.
• A numerical value, referring to the fields on the axis. The behavior depends on the value provided:
  • If zero or omitted, the calculation does not reset. Equivalent to NONE.
  • If positive, identifies the column starting from the highest, independent of grain. 1 is equivalent to HIGHESTPARENT.
  • If negative, the integer identifies the column starting from the lowest, relative to the current grain. -1 is equivalent to LOWESTPARENT.
• A field reference as long as the field is on the visual.

To understand HIGHESTPARENT and LOWESTPARENT, consider an axis that has three fields on multiple levels: Year, Quarter, and Month. The HIGHESTPARENT is Year, while the lowest parent is Quarter. For example, the following visual calculations are equivalent and return the sum of Sales Amount that starts from 0 for every year:

RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount], HIGHESTPARENT)

RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount], 1)

RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount], [Year])

In contrast, the following visual calculations both return the sum of Sales Amount that starts from 0 for every Quarter:

RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount], LOWESTPARENT)

RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount], 2)

Finally, this visual calculation does not reset, and continues adding the Sales Amount value for each month to the previous values, without restarting.

RUNNINGSUM([Sales Amount])

Axis and Reset vs ORDERBY and PARTITIONBY

Axis, Reset, ORDERBY, and PARTITIONBY are four functions that can be used in pairs or together to influence how a calculation is evaluated. They form two pairs that are often used together:

• Axis and Reset
• ORDERBY and PARTITIONBY

Axis and Reset are only available for functions that can be used in visual calculations and can only be used in a visual calculation, as they reference the visual structure. ORDERBY and PARTITIONBY are functions that can be used in calculated columns, measures, and visual calculations and refer to fields. While they perform the same function, they're different in the level of abstraction provided; referring to the visual structure is more flexible than the explicit referencing to fields using ORDERBY or PARTITIONBY.

Reset expects there to be multiple levels on the axis. In case you don't have multiple levels on the axis, either because there's only one field or multiple fields in one single level on the axis, you can use PARTITIONBY.

Specifying either pair works well, but you can also specify Axis, ORDERBY and/or PARTITIONBY together, in which case the values specified for ORDERBY and PARTITIONBY override the values dictated by Axis. Reset can't be combined with ORDERBY and PARTITIONBY.

You can think of the ORDERBY and PARTITIONBY pair as pinning field references down by explicitly specifying fields, where Axis and Reset are field agnostic – they refer to the structure and whatever field happens to be on the structure that is getting used.

Available functions

You can use many of the existing DAX functions in visual calculations. Since visual calculations work within the confines of the visual matrix, functions that rely on model relationships such as USERELATIONSHIP, RELATED or RELATEDTABLE aren't available.

Visual calculations also introduce a set of functions specific to visual calculations. Many of these functions are easier to use shortcuts to DAX window functions.

Formatting visual calculations

You can format a visual calculation using data types and formatting options. You can also set a custom visual level format string. Use the Data format options in the General section of the formatting pane for your visual to set the format:

Considerations and limitations

Visual calculations are currently in preview, and during preview, you should be aware of the following considerations and limitations:

• Not all visual types are supported. Use the visual calculations edit mode to change visual type. Also, custom visuals haven't been tested with visual calculations or hidden fields.
• The following visual types and visual properties have been tested and found not to work with visual calculations or hidden fields:
  • Treemap
  • Slicer
  • R visual
  • Python visual
  • Key Influencers
  • Decomposition Tree
  • Q&A
  • Smart Narrative
  • Metrics
  • Paginated Report
  • Power Apps
  • Power Automate
  • Small multiples
  • Play axis on Scatter chart
• Performance of this feature isn't representative of the end product.
• Reuse of visual calculations using copy/paste or other mechanisms isn't available.
• You can't filter on visual calculations.
• A visual calculation can't refer to itself on the same or different detail level.
• Personalization of visual calculations or hidden fields isn't available.
• You can't use the Publish to web functionality with reports that use visual calculations or hidden fields.
• When exporting data from visuals, visual calculation results are not included in the underlying data export. Hidden fields are never included in the export, except when exporting the underlying data.
• You can't use the see records drill-through functionality with visuals that use visual calculations or hidden fields.
• You can't apply conditional formatting on visual calculations.
• You can't set data categories on visual calculations.
• You can't change aggregations on visual calculations.
• You can't change the sort order for visual calculations.
• Power BI Embedded isn't supported for reports that use visual calculations or hidden fields.
• Live connections to SQL Server Analysis Services aren't supported.
• Although you can use field parameters with visual calculations, they have some limitations.
• Show items with no data isn't available with visual calculations.
• You can't use data limits with visual calculations.
• You can't set a dynamic format string on a visual calculation nor use a visual calculation as a dynamic format string for a field or measure.
• You can't use the Path option of Azure Maps with visual calculations.

Next steps

The following articles may be useful when learning and using visual calculations:

• Create visual calculations in Power BI Desktop (Training module)
• Using calculations options in Power BI Desktop
• Create measures for data analysis in Power BI Desktop
• WINDOW DAX function
• OFFSET DAX function
• INDEX DAX function
• ORDERBY DAX function