Assemble the rendering framework
[This article is for Windows 8.x and Windows Phone 8.x developers writing Windows Runtime apps. If you’re developing for Windows 10, see the latest documentation]
By now, you've seen how to structure a Windows Store game to work with the Windows Runtime, and how to define a state machine to handle the flow of the game. Now, it's time to look at how the sample game uses that structure and state to display its graphics. Here we look at how to implement a rendering framework, starting from the initialization of the graphics device through the presentation of the graphics objects for display.
Objective
- To understand how to set up a basic rendering framework to display the graphics output for a Windows Store DirectX game.
Note A complete code sample for this tutorial is in the Windows Store Direct3D shooting game sample. The following code files from the sample are not discussed here, but provide classes and methods referred to in this topic (and the code samples in this topic):
- Animate.h/.cpp.
- BasicLoader.h/.cpp. Provides methods for loading meshes, shaders and textures, both synchronously and asynchronously. Very useful!
- MeshObject.h/.cpp, SphereMesh.h/.cpp, CylinderMesh.h/.cpp, FaceMesh.h/.cpp, and WorldMesh.h/.cpp. Contains the definitions of the object primitives used in the game, such as the ammo spheres, the cylinder and cone obstacles, and the walls of the shooting gallery. (GameObject.cpp, briefly discussed in this topic, contains the method for rendering these primitives.)
- Level.h/.cpp and Level[1-6].h/.cpp. Contains the configuration for each of the games six levels, including the success criteria and the number and position of the targets and obstacles.
- TargetTexture.h/.cpp. Contains a set of methods for drawing the bitmaps used as the textures on the targets.
These files contain code that is not specific to Windows Store DirectX games. But you can review them separately if you'd like more implementation details.
This section covers three key files from the game sample (provided as code at the end of this topic):
- Camera.h/.cpp
- GameRenderer.h/.cpp
- PrimObject.h/.cpp
Again, we assume that you understand basic 3D programming concepts like meshes, vertices, and textures. For more info about Direct3D 11 programming in general, see Programming Guide for Direct3D 11.
With that said, let's look at the work that must be done to put our game on the screen.
An overview of the Windows Runtime and DirectX
DirectX is a fundamental part of the Windows Runtime and of the Windows 8 experience. All of Windows 8's visuals are built on top of DirectX, and you have the same direct line to the same low-level graphics interface, DXGI, which provides an abstraction layer for the graphics hardware and its drivers. All the Direct3D 11 APIs are available for you to talk to DXGI directly. The result is fast, high performing graphics in your games that give you access to all the latest graphics hardware features.
To add DirectX support to a Windows Store app, you create a view provider for DirectX resources by implementing the IFrameworkViewSource and IFrameworkView interfaces. These provide a factory pattern for your view provider type and the implementation of your DirectX view provider, respectively. The Windows Store app singleton, represented by the CoreApplication object, runs this implementation.
For more info about connecting a DirectX swap chain to the main window of a (XAML), see How to set up your Windows Store DirectX app to display a view. We skip the basics here and delve into the specific implementation in the game sample, as well as the development of the graphics framework that supports it.
In Defining the game's Windows Store app framework, we looked at how the renderer fit into the game sample's app framework. Now, let's look at how the game renderer connects to the view and builds the graphics that define the look of the game.
Defining the renderer
The GameRenderer abstract type inherits from the DirectXBase renderer type, adds support for stereo 3-D, and declares constant buffers and resources for the shaders that create and define our graphic primitives.
Here's the definition of GameRenderer.
ref class GameRenderer : public DirectXBase
{
internal:
GameRenderer();
virtual void Initialize(
_In_ Windows::UI::Core::CoreWindow^ window,
float dpi
) override;
virtual void CreateDeviceIndependentResources() override;
virtual void CreateDeviceResources() override;
virtual void UpdateForWindowSizeChange() override;
virtual void Render() override;
virtual void SetDpi(float dpi) override;
concurrency::task<void> CreateGameDeviceResourcesAsync(_In_ Simple3DGame^ game);
void FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources();
concurrency::task<void> LoadLevelResourcesAsync();
void FinalizeLoadLevelResources();
GameInfoOverlay^ InfoOverlay() { return m_gameInfoOverlay; };
DirectX::XMFLOAT2 GameInfoOverlayUpperLeft()
{
return DirectX::XMFLOAT2(
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width) / 2.0f,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height) / 2.0f
);
};
DirectX::XMFLOAT2 GameInfoOverlayLowerRight()
{
return DirectX::XMFLOAT2(
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width) / 2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height) / 2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height
);
};
protected private:
bool m_initialized;
bool m_gameResourcesLoaded;
bool m_levelResourcesLoaded;
GameInfoOverlay^ m_gameInfoOverlay;
GameHud^ m_gameHud;
Simple3DGame^ m_game;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_sphereTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_cylinderTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_ceilingTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_floorTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_wallsTexture;
// Constant Buffers
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferNeverChanges;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferChangeOnResize;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11SamplerState> m_samplerLinear;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11VertexShader> m_vertexShader;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11VertexShader> m_vertexShaderFlat;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11PixelShader> m_pixelShader;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11PixelShader> m_pixelShaderFlat;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11InputLayout> m_vertexLayout;
};
Because the Direct3D 11 APIs are defined as COM APIs, you must provide ComPtr references to the objects defined by these APIs. These objects are automatically freed when their last reference goes out of scope when the app terminates.
The game sample declares 4 specific constant buffers:
- m_constantBufferNeverChanges. This constant buffer contains the lighting parameters. It's set one time and never changes again.
- m_constantBufferChangeOnResize. This constant buffer contains the projection matrix. The projection matrix is dependent on the size and aspect ratio of the window. It's updated only when the window size changes.
- m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame. This constant buffer contains the view matrix. This matrix is dependent on the camera position and look direction (the normal to the projection) and changes only one time per frame.
- m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim. This constant buffer contains the model matrix and material properties of each primitive. The model matrix transforms vertices from local coordinates into world coordinates. These constants are specific to each primitive and are updated for every draw call.
The whole idea of multiple constant buffers with different frequencies is to reduce the amount of data that must be sent to the GPU per frame. Therefore, the sample separates constants into different buffers based on the frequency that they must be updated. This is a best practice for Direct3D programming.
The renderer contains the shader objects that compute our primitives and textures: m_vertexShader and m_pixelShader. The vertex shader processes the primitives and the basic lighting, and the pixel shader (sometimes called a fragment shader) processes the textures and any per-pixel effects. There are two versions of these shaders (regular and flat) for rendering different primitives. The flat versions are much simpler and don't do specular highlights or any per pixel lighting effects. These are used for the walls and make rendering faster on lower powered devices.
The renderer class contains the DirectWrite and Direct2D resources used for the overlay and the Heads Up Display (the GameHud object). The overlay and HUD are drawn on top of the render target when projection is complete in the graphics pipeline.
The renderer also defines the shader resource objects that hold the textures for the primitives. Some of these textures are pre-defined (DDS textures for the walls and floor of the world as well as the ammo spheres).
Now, it's time to see how this object is created!
Initializing the renderer
The sample game calls this Initialize method as part of the CoreApplication initialization sequence in DirectXApp::SetWindow.
void GameRenderer::Initialize(
_In_ CoreWindow^ window,
float dpi
)
{
if (!m_initialized)
{
m_gameHud = ref new GameHud(
"Windows 8 Samples",
"DirectX first-person game sample"
);
m_gameInfoOverlay = ref new GameInfoOverlay();
m_initialized = true;
}
DirectXBase::Initialize(window, dpi);
// Initialize could be called multiple times as a result of an error with the hardware device
// that requires it to be reinitialized. Because the m_gameInfoOverlay varibale has resources that are
// dependent on the device, it will need to be reinitialized each time with the new device information.
m_gameInfoOverlay->Initialize(m_d2dDevice.Get(), m_d2dContext.Get(), m_dwriteFactory.Get(), dpi);
}
This is a pretty straightforward method. It checks to see if the renderer had been previously initialized, and if it hasn't, it instantiates the GameHud and GameInfoOverlay objects.
After that, the renderer initialization process runs the base implementation of Initialize provided on the DirectXBase class it inherited from.
When the DirectXBase initialization completes, the GameInfoOverlay object is initialized. After initialization is complete, it's time to look at the methods for creating and loading the graphics resources for the game.
Creating and loading DirectX graphics resources
The first order of business in any game is to establish a connection to our graphics interface, create the resources we need to draw the graphics, and then set up a render target into which we can draw those graphics. In the game sample (and in the Microsoft Visual StudioDirect3D Application template), this process is implemented with three methods:
- CreateDeviceIndependentResources
- CreateDeviceResources
- CreateWindowSizeDependentResources
Now, in the game sample, we override two of these methods (CreateDeviceIndependentResources and CreateDeviceResources) provided on the DirectXBase class implemented in the Direct3D Application template. For each of these override methods, we first call the DirectXBase implementations they override, and then add more implementation details specific to the game sample. Be aware that the DirectXBase class implementation included with the game sample has been modified from the version provided in the Visual Studio template to include stereoscopic view support and includes pre-rotation of the SwapBuffer object.
CreateWindowSizeDependentResources is not overridden by the GameRenderer object. We use the implementation of it provided in the DirectXBase class.
For more info about the DirectXBase base implementations of these methods, see How to set up your Windows Store DirectX app to display a view.
The first of these overridden methods, CreateDeviceIndependentResources, calls the GameHud::CreateDeviceIndependentResources method to create the DirectWrite text resources that use the Segoe UI font, which is the font used by most Windows Store apps.
CreateDeviceIndependentResources
void GameRenderer::CreateDeviceIndependentResources()
{
DirectXBase::CreateDeviceIndependentResources();
m_gameHud->CreateDeviceIndependentResources(m_dwriteFactory.Get(), m_wicFactory.Get());
}
void GameHud::CreateDeviceIndependentResources(
_In_ IDWriteFactory* dwriteFactory,
_In_ IWICImagingFactory* wicFactory
)
{
m_dwriteFactory = dwriteFactory;
m_wicFactory = wicFactory;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_dwriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(
L"Segoe UI",
nullptr,
DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_LIGHT,
DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
GameConstants::HudBodyPointSize,
L"en-us",
&m_textFormatBody
)
);
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_dwriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(
L"Segoe UI Symbol",
nullptr,
DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_LIGHT,
DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
GameConstants::HudBodyPointSize,
L"en-us",
&m_textFormatBodySymbol
)
);
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_dwriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(
L"Segoe UI Light",
nullptr,
DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_LIGHT,
DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
GameConstants::HudTitleHeaderPointSize,
L"en-us",
&m_textFormatTitleHeader
)
);
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_dwriteFactory->CreateTextFormat(
L"Segoe UI Light",
nullptr,
DWRITE_FONT_WEIGHT_LIGHT,
DWRITE_FONT_STYLE_NORMAL,
DWRITE_FONT_STRETCH_NORMAL,
GameConstants::HudTitleBodyPointSize,
L"en-us",
&m_textFormatTitleBody
)
);
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatBody->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatBody->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatBodySymbol->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatBodySymbol->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatTitleHeader->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatTitleHeader->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatTitleBody->SetTextAlignment(DWRITE_TEXT_ALIGNMENT_LEADING));
DX::ThrowIfFailed(m_textFormatTitleBody->SetParagraphAlignment(DWRITE_PARAGRAPH_ALIGNMENT_NEAR));
}
The sample uses four text formatters: two for title header and title body text, and two for body text. This is used in much of the overlay text.
The second method, CreateDeviceResources, loads the specific resources for the game that will be computed on the graphics device. Let's look at the code for this method.
CreateDeviceResources
oid GameRenderer::CreateDeviceResources()
{
DirectXBase::CreateDeviceResources();
m_gameHud->CreateDeviceResources(m_d2dContext.Get());
if (m_game != nullptr)
{
// The initial invocation of CreateDeviceResources occurs
// before the Game State is initialized when the device is first
// being created, so that the inital loading screen can be displayed.
// Subsequent invocations of CreateDeviceResources will be a result
// of an error with the Device that requires the resources to be
// recreated. In this case, the game state is already initialized
// so the game device resources need to be recreated.
// This sample doesn't gracefully handle all the async recreation
// of resources so an exception is thrown.
throw Platform::Exception::CreateException(
DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED,
"GameRenderer::CreateDeviceResources - Recreation of resources after TDR not available\n"
);
}
}
void GameHud::CreateDeviceResources(_In_ ID2D1DeviceContext* d2dContext)
{
auto location = Package::Current->InstalledLocation;
Platform::String^ path = Platform::String::Concat(location->Path, "\\");
path = Platform::String::Concat(path, "windows-sdk.png");
ComPtr<IWICBitmapDecoder> wicBitmapDecoder;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_wicFactory->CreateDecoderFromFilename(
path->Data(),
nullptr,
GENERIC_READ,
WICDecodeMetadataCacheOnDemand,
&wicBitmapDecoder
)
);
ComPtr<IWICBitmapFrameDecode> wicBitmapFrame;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
wicBitmapDecoder->GetFrame(0, &wicBitmapFrame)
);
ComPtr<IWICFormatConverter> wicFormatConverter;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_wicFactory->CreateFormatConverter(&wicFormatConverter)
);
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
wicFormatConverter->Initialize(
wicBitmapFrame.Get(),
GUID_WICPixelFormat32bppPBGRA,
WICBitmapDitherTypeNone,
nullptr,
0.0,
WICBitmapPaletteTypeCustom // The BGRA format has no palette so this value is ignored.
)
);
double dpiX = 96.0f;
double dpiY = 96.0f;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
wicFormatConverter->GetResolution(&dpiX, &dpiY)
);
// Create D2D Resources
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
d2dContext->CreateBitmapFromWicBitmap(
wicFormatConverter.Get(),
BitmapProperties(
PixelFormat(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM, D2D1_ALPHA_MODE_PREMULTIPLIED),
static_cast<float>(dpiX),
static_cast<float>(dpiY)
),
&m_logoBitmap
)
);
m_logoSize = m_logoBitmap->GetSize();
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
d2dContext->CreateSolidColorBrush(
D2D1::ColorF(D2D1::ColorF::White),
&m_textBrush
)
);
}
In this example, in normal execution, the CreateDeviceResources method just calls the base class method and then calls the GameHud::CreateDeviceResources method (also listed previously). If there's a problem later with the underlying graphics device, it might have to be re-initialized. In this case, the CreateDeviceResources method initiates a set of async tasks to create the game device resources. This is done through a sequence of two methods: a call to CreateDeviceResourcesAsync, and then, when it completes, FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources.
CreateGameDeviceResourcesAsync and FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources
task<void> GameRenderer::CreateGameDeviceResourcesAsync(_In_ Simple3DGame^ game)
{
// Set the Loading state to wait until any async resources have
// been loaded before proceeding.
m_game = game;
// NOTE: Only the m_d3dDevice is used in this method. It's expected
// to not run on the same thread as the GameRenderer was created.
// Create methods on the m_d3dDevice are free-threaded and are safe while any methods
// in the m_d3dContext should only be used on a single thread and handled
// in the FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources method.
D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;
ZeroMemory(&bd, sizeof(bd));
// Create the constant buffers
bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferNeverChanges) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferNeverChanges)
);
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferChangeOnResize) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferChangeOnResize)
);
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferChangesEveryFrame) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame)
);
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferChangesEveryPrim) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim)
);
D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC sampDesc;
ZeroMemory(&sampDesc, sizeof(sampDesc));
sampDesc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
sampDesc.AddressU = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
sampDesc.AddressV = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
sampDesc.AddressW = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
sampDesc.ComparisonFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;
sampDesc.MinLOD = 0;
sampDesc.MaxLOD = FLT_MAX;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateSamplerState(&sampDesc, &m_samplerLinear)
);
// Start the async tasks to load the shaders and textures.
BasicLoader^ loader = ref new BasicLoader(m_d3dDevice.Get());
std::vector<task<void>> tasks;
uint32 numElements = ARRAYSIZE(PNTVertexLayout);
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("VertexShader.cso", PNTVertexLayout, numElements, &m_vertexShader, &m_vertexLayout));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("VertexShaderFlat.cso", nullptr, numElements, &m_vertexShaderFlat, nullptr));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("PixelShader.cso", &m_pixelShader));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("PixelShaderFlat.cso", &m_pixelShaderFlat));
// Make sure previous versions if any of the textures are released.
m_sphereTexture = nullptr;
m_cylinderTexture = nullptr;
m_ceilingTexture = nullptr;
m_floorTexture = nullptr;
m_wallsTexture = nullptr;
// Load Game specific Textures
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("seafloor.dds", nullptr, &m_sphereTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("metal_texture.dds", nullptr, &m_cylinderTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("cellceiling.dds", nullptr, &m_ceilingTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("cellfloor.dds", nullptr, &m_floorTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("cellwall.dds", nullptr, &m_wallsTexture));
tasks.push_back(create_task([]()
{
// Simulate loading additional resources
wait(GameConstants::InitialLoadingDelay);
}));
// Return the task group of all the async tasks for loading the shader and texture assets.
return when_all(tasks.begin(), tasks.end());
}
void GameRenderer::FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources()
{
// All asynchronously loaded resources have completed loading.
// Now associate all the resources with the appropriate
// Game objects.
// This method is expected to run in the same thread as the GameRenderer
// was created. All work will happen behind the "Loading ..." screen after the
// main loop has been entered.
// Initialize the Constant buffer with the light positions
// These are handled here to ensure that the d3dContext is only
// used in one thread.
ConstantBufferNeverChanges constantBufferNeverChanges;
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[0] = XMFLOAT4( 3.5f, 2.5f, 5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[1] = XMFLOAT4( 3.5f, 2.5f, -5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[2] = XMFLOAT4(-3.5f, 2.5f, -5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[3] = XMFLOAT4( 3.5f, 2.5f, 5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightColor = XMFLOAT4(0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1.0f);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(m_constantBufferNeverChanges.Get(), 0, nullptr, &constantBufferNeverChanges, 0, 0);
// For the targets, there are two unique generated textures.
// Each texture image includes the number of the texture.
// Make sure the 2-D rendering is occurring on the same thread
// as the main rendering.
TargetTexture^ textureGenerator = ref new TargetTexture(
m_d3dDevice.Get(),
m_d2dFactory.Get(),
m_dwriteFactory.Get(),
m_d2dContext.Get()
);
MeshObject^ cylinderMesh = ref new CylinderMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get(), 26);
MeshObject^ targetMesh = ref new FaceMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get());
MeshObject^ sphereMesh = ref new SphereMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get(), 26);
Material^ cylinderMaterial = ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, .5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, .5f),
XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
15.0f,
m_cylinderTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
);
Material^ sphereMaterial = ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
50.0f,
m_sphereTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
);
auto objects = m_game->RenderObjects();
// Attach the textures to the appropriate game objects.
for (auto object = objects.begin(); object != objects.end(); object++)
{
if ((*object)->TargetId() == GameConstants::WorldFloorId)
{
(*object)->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
150.0f,
m_floorTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShaderFlat.Get(),
m_pixelShaderFlat.Get()
)
);
(*object)->Mesh(ref new WorldFloorMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get()));
}
else if ((*object)->TargetId() == GameConstants::WorldCeilingId)
{
(*object)->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
150.0f,
m_ceilingTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShaderFlat.Get(),
m_pixelShaderFlat.Get()
)
);
(*object)->Mesh(ref new WorldCeilingMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get()));
}
else if ((*object)->TargetId() == GameConstants::WorldWallsId)
{
(*object)->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
150.0f,
m_wallsTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShaderFlat.Get(),
m_pixelShaderFlat.Get()
)
);
(*object)->Mesh(ref new WorldWallsMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get()));
}
else if (Cylinder^ cylinder = dynamic_cast<Cylinder^>(*object))
{
cylinder->Mesh(cylinderMesh);
cylinder->NormalMaterial(cylinderMaterial);
}
else if (Face^ target = dynamic_cast<Face^>(*object))
{
const int bufferLength = 16;
char16 str[bufferLength];
int len = swprintf_s(str, bufferLength, L"%d", target->TargetId());
Platform::String^ string = ref new Platform::String(str, len);
ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> texture;
textureGenerator->CreateTextureResourceView(string, &texture);
target->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
5.0f,
texture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
)
);
textureGenerator->CreateHitTextureResourceView(string, &texture);
target->HitMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
5.0f,
texture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
)
);
target->Mesh(targetMesh);
}
else if (Sphere^ sphere = dynamic_cast<Sphere^>(*object))
{
sphere->Mesh(sphereMesh);
sphere->NormalMaterial(sphereMaterial);
}
}
// Ensure that the camera has been initialized with the right Projection
// matrix. The camera is not created at the time the first window resize event
// occurs.
m_game->GameCamera()->SetProjParams(
XM_PI / 2, m_renderTargetSize.Width / m_renderTargetSize.Height,
0.01f,
100.0f
);
// Make sure that Projection matrix has been set in the constant buffer
// now that all the resources are loaded.
// DirectXBase is handling screen rotations directly to eliminate an unaligned
// fullscreen copy. As a result, it's necessary to post multiply the rotationTransform3D
// matrix to the camera projection matrix.
ConstantBufferChangeOnResize changesOnResize;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&changesOnResize.projection,
XMMatrixMultiply(
XMMatrixTranspose(m_game->GameCamera()->Projection()),
XMMatrixTranspose(XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_rotationTransform3D))
)
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&changesOnResize,
0,
0
);
m_gameResourcesLoaded = true;
}
CreateDeviceResourcesAsync is a method that runs as a separate set of async tasks to load the game resources. Because it's expected to run on a separate thread, it only has access to the Direct3D 11 device methods (those defined on ID3D11Device) and not the device context methods (the methods defined on ID3D11DeviceContext), so it has the option to not perform any rendering. The FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources method runs on the main thread and does have access to the Direct3D 11 device context methods.
The sequence of events for loading the game devices resources proceeds as follows.
CreateDeviceResourcesAsync first initializes constant buffers for the primitives. Constant buffers are low-latency, fixed-width buffers that hold the data that a shader uses during shader execution. (Think of these buffers as passing data to the shader that is constant over the execution of the particular draw call.) In this sample, the buffers contain the data that the shaders will use to:
- place the light sources and set their color when the renderer initializes
- compute the view matrix whenever the window is resized
- compute the projection matrix for every frame update
- compute the transformations of the primitives on every render update
The constants receive the source information (vertices) and transform the vertex coordinates and data from model space into the device space. Ultimately, this data results in texel coordinates and pixels in the render target.
Next, the game renderer object creates a loader for the shaders that will perform the computation. (See BasicLoader.cpp in the sample for the specific implementation.)
Then, CreateDeviceResourcesAsync initiates async tasks for loading all the texture resources into ShaderResourceViews. These texture resources are stored in the DirectDraw Surface (DDS) textures that came with the sample. DDS textures are a lossy texture format that work with DirectX Texture Compression (DXTC). We use these textures on the walls, ceiling and floor of the world, and on the ammo spheres and pillar obstacles.
Finally, it returns a task group that contains all the async tasks created by the method. The calling function waits for the completion of all these async tasks, and then calls FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources.
FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources loads the initial data into the constant buffers with a device context method call to ID3D11DeviceContext::UpdateSubresource: m_deviceContext->UpdateSubresource. This method creates the mesh objects for the sphere, cylinder, face, and world game objects and the associated materials. It then walks the game object list associating the appropriate device resources with each object.
The textures for the ringed and numbered target objects are procedurally generated using the code in TargetTexture.cpp. The renderer creates an instance of the TargetTexture type, which creates the bitmap texture for the target objects in the game when we call the TargetTexture::CreateTextureResourceView method. The resulting texture is composed of concentric colored rings, with a numeric value on the top. These generated resources are associated with the appropriate target game objects.
Lastly, FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources set the m_gameResourcesLoaded Boolean global variable to indicate that all resources are now loaded.
The game has the resources to display the graphics in the current window, and it can recreate those resources as the window changes. Now, let's look at the camera used to define the player's view of the scene in that window.
Implementing the camera object
The game has the code in place to update the world in its own coordinate system (sometimes called the world space or scene space). All objects, including the camera, are positioned and oriented in this space. In the sample game, the camera's position along with the look vectors (the "look at" vector that points directly into the scene from the camera, and the "look up" vector that is upwards perpendicular to it) define the camera space. The projection parameters determine how much of that space is actually visible in the final scene; and the Field of View (FoV), aspect ratio, and clipping planes define the projection transformation. A vertex shader does the heavy lifting of converting from the model coordinates to device coordinates with the following algorithm (where V is a vector and M is a matrix):
V(device) = V(model) x M(model-to-world) x M(world-to-view) x M(view-to-device).
M(model-to-world)is a transformation matrix for model coordinates to world coordinates. This is provided by the primitive. (We'll review this in the section on primitives, here.)M(world-to-view)is a transformation matrix for world coordinates to view coordinates. This is provided by the view matrix of the camera.M(view-to-device)is a transformation matrix for view coordinates to device coordinates. This is provided by the projection of the camera.
The shader code in VertexShader.hlsl is loaded with these vectors and matrices from the constant buffers, and performs this transformation for every vertex.
The Camera object defines the view and projection matrices. Let's look at how the sample game declares it.
ref class Camera
{
internal:
Camera();
// Call these from client and use Get*Matrix() to read new matrices
// Functions to change camera matrices
void SetViewParams(_In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 eye, _In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 lookAt, _In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 up);
void SetProjParams(_In_ float fieldOfView, _In_ float aspectRatio, _In_ float nearPlane, _In_ float farPlane);
void LookDirection (_In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 lookDirection);
void Eye (_In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 position);
DirectX::XMMATRIX View();
DirectX::XMMATRIX Projection();
DirectX::XMMATRIX LeftEyeProjection();
DirectX::XMMATRIX RightEyeProjection();
DirectX::XMMATRIX World();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Eye();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 LookAt();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Up();
float NearClipPlane();
float FarClipPlane();
float Pitch();
float Yaw();
protected private:
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_viewMatrix; // View matrix
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_projectionMatrix; // Projection matrix
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_projectionMatrixLeft; // Projection Matrix for Left Eye Stereo
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_projectionMatrixRight; // Projection Matrix for Right Eye Stereo
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_inverseView;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_eye; // Camera eye position
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_lookAt; // LookAt position
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_up; // Up vector
float m_cameraYawAngle; // Yaw angle of camera
float m_cameraPitchAngle; // Pitch angle of camera
float m_fieldOfView; // Field of view
float m_aspectRatio; // Aspect ratio
float m_nearPlane; // Near plane
float m_farPlane; // Far plane
};
There are two 4x4 matrices that define the transformations to the view and projection coordinates, m_viewMatrix and m_projectionMatrix. (For stereo projection, you use two projection matrices: one for each eye's view.) They are calculated with these two methods, respectively:
- SetViewParams
- SetProjParams
The code for these two methods looks like this:
void Camera::SetViewParams(
_In_ XMFLOAT3 eye,
_In_ XMFLOAT3 lookAt,
_In_ XMFLOAT3 up
)
{
m_eye = eye;
m_lookAt = lookAt;
m_up = up;
// Calc the view matrix
XMMATRIX view = XMMatrixLookAtLH(
XMLoadFloat3(&m_eye),
XMLoadFloat3(&m_lookAt),
XMLoadFloat3(&m_up)
);
XMVECTOR det;
XMMATRIX inverseView = XMMatrixInverse(&det, view);
XMStoreFloat4x4(&m_viewMatrix, view);
XMStoreFloat4x4(&m_inverseView, inverseView);
// The axis basis vectors and camera position are stored inside the
// position matrix in the 4 rows of the camera's world matrix.
// To figure out the yaw/pitch of the camera, we just need the Z basis vector
XMFLOAT3* zBasis = (XMFLOAT3*)&inverseView._31;
m_cameraYawAngle = atan2f(zBasis->x, zBasis->z);
float len = sqrtf(zBasis->z * zBasis->z + zBasis->x * zBasis->x);
m_cameraPitchAngle = atan2f(zBasis->y, len);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Calculates the projection matrix based on input params
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Camera::SetProjParams(
_In_ float fieldOfView,
_In_ float aspectRatio,
_In_ float nearPlane,
_In_ float farPlane
)
{
// Set attributes for the projection matrix
m_fieldOfView = fieldOfView;
m_aspectRatio = aspectRatio;
m_nearPlane = nearPlane;
m_farPlane = farPlane;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&m_projectionMatrix,
XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(
m_fieldOfView,
m_aspectRatio,
m_nearPlane,
m_farPlane
)
);
STEREO_PARAMETERS* stereoParams = nullptr;
// change the projection matrix
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&m_projectionMatrixLeft,
MatrixStereoProjectionFovLH(
stereoParams,
STEREO_CHANNEL::LEFT,
m_fieldOfView,
m_aspectRatio,
m_nearPlane,
m_farPlane,
STEREO_MODE::NORMAL
)
);
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&m_projectionMatrixRight,
MatrixStereoProjectionFovLH(
stereoParams,
STEREO_CHANNEL::RIGHT,
m_fieldOfView,
m_aspectRatio,
m_nearPlane,
m_farPlane,
STEREO_MODE::NORMAL
)
);
}
We get the resulting view and projection data by calling the View and Projection methods, respectively, on the Camera object. These calls occur in the next step we review, the GameRenderer::Render method called in the game loop.
Now, let's look at how the game creates the framework to draw our game graphics using the camera. This includes defining the primitives that comprise the game world and its elements.
Defining the primitives
In the game sample code, we define and implement the primitives in two base classes and the corresponding specializations for each primitive type.
MeshObject.h/.cpp defines the base class for all mesh objects. The SphereMesh.h/.cpp, CylinderMesh.h/.cpp, FaceMesh.h/.cpp, and WorldMesh.h/.cpp files contain the code that populates the constant buffers for each primitive with the vertex and vertex normal data that defines the primitive's geometry. These code files are a good place to start if you're looking to understand how to create Direct3D primitives in your own game app, but we won't cover them here as it's too specific to this game's implementation. For now, we assume that the vertex buffers for each primitive have been populated, and look at how the game sample handles those buffers to update the game itself.
The base class for objects that represent the primitives from the perspective of the game is defined in GameObject.h./.cpp. This class, GameObject, defines the fields and methods for the common behaviors across all primitives. Each primitive object type derives from it. Let's look at how it's defined:
ref class GameObject
{
internal:
GameObject();
// Expect these two functions to be overloaded by subclasses.
virtual bool IsTouching(
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 /* point */,
float /* radius */,
_Out_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 *contact,
_Out_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 *normal
)
{
*contact = DirectX::XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
*normal = DirectX::XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
return false;
};
void Render(
_In_ ID3D11DeviceContext *context,
_In_ ID3D11Buffer *primitiveConstantBuffer
);
void Active(bool active);
bool Active();
void Target(bool target);
bool Target();
void Hit(bool hit);
bool Hit();
void OnGround(bool ground);
bool OnGround();
void TargetId(int targetId);
int TargetId();
void HitTime(float t);
float HitTime();
void AnimatePosition(_In_opt_ Animate^ animate);
Animate^ AnimatePosition();
void HitSound(_In_ SoundEffect^ hitSound);
SoundEffect^ HitSound();
void PlaySound(float impactSpeed, DirectX::XMFLOAT3 eyePoint);
void Mesh(_In_ MeshObject^ mesh);
void NormalMaterial(_In_ Material^ material);
Material^ NormalMaterial();
void HitMaterial(_In_ Material^ material);
Material^ HitMaterial();
void Position(DirectX::XMFLOAT3 position);
void Position(DirectX::XMVECTOR position);
void Velocity(DirectX::XMFLOAT3 velocity);
void Velocity(DirectX::XMVECTOR velocity);
DirectX::XMMATRIX ModelMatrix();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Position();
DirectX::XMVECTOR VectorPosition();
DirectX::XMVECTOR VectorVelocity();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Velocity();
protected private:
virtual void UpdatePosition() {};
// Object Data
bool m_active;
bool m_target;
int m_targetId;
bool m_hit;
bool m_ground;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_position;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_velocity;
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_modelMatrix;
Material^ m_normalMaterial;
Material^ m_hitMaterial;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_defaultXAxis;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_defaultYAxis;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_defaultZAxis;
float m_hitTime;
Animate^ m_animatePosition;
MeshObject^ m_mesh;
SoundEffect^ m_hitSound;
};
Most of the fields contain data about the state, visual properties, or position of the primitive in the game world. There are a few methods in particular that are necessary in most games:
- Mesh. Gets the mesh geometry for the primitive, which is stored in m_mesh. This geometry is defined in MeshObject.h/.cpp.
- IsTouching. This method determines if the primitive is within a specific distance of a point, and returns the point on the surface closest to the point and the normal to the surface of the object at that point. Because the sample is only concerned with ammo-primitive collisions, this is enough for the game's dynamics. It is not a general purpose primitive-primitive intersection function, although it could be used as the basis for one.
- AnimatePosition. Updates the movement and animation for the primitive.
- UpdatePosition. Updates the position of the object in the world coordinate space.
- Render. Puts the material properties of the primitive into the primitive constant buffer and then renders (draws) the primitive geometry using the device context.
It's a good practice to create a base object type that defines the minimum set of methods for a primitive because most games have a very large number of primitives, and the code can quickly become difficult to manage. It also simplifies game code when the update loop can treat the primitives polymorphically, letting the objects themselves define their own update and rendering behaviors.
Let's look at the basic rendering of a primitive in the game sample.
Rendering the primitives
The primitives in the game sample use the base Render method implemented on the parent GameObject class, as here:
void GameObject::Render(
_In_ ID3D11DeviceContext *context,
_In_ ID3D11Buffer *primitiveConstantBuffer
)
{
if (!m_active || (m_mesh == nullptr) || (m_normalMaterial == nullptr))
{
return;
}
ConstantBufferChangesEveryPrim constantBuffer;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&constantBuffer.worldMatrix,
XMMatrixTranspose(ModelMatrix())
);
if (m_hit && m_hitMaterial != nullptr)
{
m_hitMaterial->RenderSetup(context, &constantBuffer);
}
else
{
m_normalMaterial->RenderSetup(context, &constantBuffer);
}
context->UpdateSubresource(primitiveConstantBuffer, 0, nullptr, &constantBuffer, 0, 0);
m_mesh->Render(context);
}
The GameObject::Render method updates the primitive constant buffer with the data specific to a given primitive. The game uses multiple constant buffers, but only needs to update these buffers one time per primitive.
Think of the constant buffers as input to the shaders that run for each primitive. Some data is static (m_constantBufferNeverChanges); some data is constant over the frame (m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame), like the position of the camera; and some data is specific to the primitive, like its color and textures (m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim). The game renderer separates these inputs into different constant buffers to optimize the memory bandwidth that the CPU and GPU use. This approach also helps to minimize the amount of data the GPU needs to keep track of. Remember, the GPU has a big queue of commands, and each time the game calls Draw, that command is queued along with the data associated with it. When the game updates the primitive constant buffer and issues the next Draw command, the graphics driver adds this next command and the associated data to the queue. If the game draws 100 primitives, it could potentially have 100 copies of the constant buffer data in the queue. We want to minimize the amount of data the game is sending to the GPU, so the game uses a separate primitive constant buffer that only contains the updates for each primitive.
If a collision (a hit) is detected, GameObject::Render checks the current context, which indicates whether the target has been hit by an ammo sphere. If the target has been hit, this method applies a hit material, which reverses the colors of the rings of the target to indicate a successful hit to the player. Otherwise, it applies the default material with the same method. In both cases, it sets the material by calling Material::RenderSetup, which sets the appropriate constants into the constant buffer. Then, it calls ID3D11DeviceContext::PSSetShaderResources to set the corresponding texture resource for the pixel shader, and ID3D11DeviceContext::VSSetShader and ID3D11DeviceContext::PSSetShader to set the vertex shader and pixel shader objects themselves, respectively.
Here's how Material::RenderSetup configures the constant buffers and assigns the shader resources. Again, note that the constant buffer is the one used for updating changes to primitives, specifically.
Note The Material class is defined in Material.h/.cpp.
void Material::RenderSetup(
_In_ ID3D11DeviceContext* context,
_Inout_ ConstantBufferChangesEveryPrim* constantBuffer
)
{
constantBuffer->meshColor = m_meshColor;
constantBuffer->specularColor = m_specularColor;
constantBuffer->specularPower = m_specularExponent;
constantBuffer->diffuseColor = m_diffuseColor;
context->PSSetShaderResources(0, 1, m_textureRV.GetAddressOf());
context->VSSetShader(m_vertexShader.Get(), nullptr, 0);
context->PSSetShader(m_pixelShader.Get(), nullptr, 0);
}
Finally, the PrimObject::Render calls the Render method for the underlying MeshObject object.
void MeshObject::Render(_In_ ID3D11DeviceContext *context)
{
uint32 stride = sizeof(PNTVertex);
uint32 offset = 0;
context->IASetVertexBuffers(0, 1, m_vertexBuffer.GetAddressOf(), &stride, &offset);
context->IASetIndexBuffer(m_indexBuffer.Get(), DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT, 0);
context->IASetPrimitiveTopology(D3D11_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLELIST);
context->DrawIndexed(m_indexCount, 0, 0);
}
Now, the game sample’s MeshObject::Render method queues the drawing command to execute the shaders on the GPU using the current scene state. The vertex shader converts the geometry (vertices) from model coordinates into device (world) coordinates, taking into account where the camera is and the perspective transformation. Lastly, the pixel shaders render the transformed triangles into the back buffer using the texture set above.
This happens on the actual rendering process!
Creating the vertex and pixel shaders
At this point, the game sample has defined the primitives to draw and the constant buffers that define their rendering. These constant buffers serve as the sets of parameters to the shaders that run on the graphics device. These shader programs come in two types:
- Vertex shaders perform per-vertex operations, such as vertex transformations and lighting.
- Pixel (or fragment) shaders perform per-pixel operations, such as texturing and per-pixel lighting. They can also be used to perform post-processing effects on bitmaps, such as the final render target.
The shader code is defined using High-Level Shader Language (HLSL), which, in Direct3D 11, is compiled from a program created with a C-like syntax. (The complete syntax can be found here.) The two principal shaders for the sample game are defined in PixelShader.hlsl and VertexShader.hlsl. (There are also two "low power" shaders defined for low power devices: PixelShaderFlat.hlsl and VertexShaderFlat.hlsl. These two shaders provide reduced effects, such as a lack of specular highlights on textures surfaces.) FInally, there is an .hlsli file that contains the format of the constant buffers, ConstantBuffers.hlsli.
ConstantBuffers.hlsli is defined like this:
Texture2D diffuseTexture : register(t0);
SamplerState linearSampler : register(s0);
cbuffer ConstantBufferNeverChanges : register(b0)
{
float4 lightPosition[4];
float4 lightColor;
}
cbuffer ConstantBufferChangeOnResize : register(b1)
{
matrix projection;
};
cbuffer ConstantBufferChangesEveryFrame : register(b2)
{
matrix view;
};
cbuffer ConstantBufferChangesEveryPrim : register (b3)
{
matrix world;
float4 meshColor;
float4 diffuseColor;
float4 specularColor;
float specularExponent;
};
struct VertextShaderInput
{
float4 position : POSITION;
float4 normal : NORMAL;
float2 textureUV : TEXCOORD0;
};
struct PixelShaderInput
{
float4 position : SV_POSITION;
float2 textureUV : TEXCOORD0;
float3 vertexToEye : TEXCOORD1;
float3 normal : TEXCOORD2;
float3 vertexToLight0 : TEXCOORD3;
float3 vertexToLight1 : TEXCOORD4;
float3 vertexToLight2 : TEXCOORD5;
float3 vertexToLight3 : TEXCOORD6;
};
struct PixelShaderFlatInput
{
float4 position : SV_POSITION;
float2 textureUV : TEXCOORD0;
float4 diffuseColor : TEXCOORD1;
};
VertexShader.hlsl is defined like this:
VertexShader.hlsl
#include "ConstantBuffers.hlsli"
PixelShaderInput main(VertextShaderInput input)
{
PixelShaderInput output = (PixelShaderInput)0;
output.position = mul(mul(mul(input.position, world), view), projection);
output.textureUV = input.textureUV;
// compute view space normal
output.normal = normalize (mul(mul(input.normal.xyz, (float3x3)world), (float3x3)view));
// Vertex pos in view space (normalize in pixel shader)
output.vertexToEye = -mul(mul(input.position, world), view).xyz;
// Compute view space vertex to light vectors (normalized)
output.vertexToLight0 = normalize(mul(lightPosition[0], view ).xyz + output.vertexToEye);
output.vertexToLight1 = normalize(mul(lightPosition[1], view ).xyz + output.vertexToEye);
output.vertexToLight2 = normalize(mul(lightPosition[2], view ).xyz + output.vertexToEye);
output.vertexToLight3 = normalize(mul(lightPosition[3], view ).xyz + output.vertexToEye);
return output;
}
The main function in VertexShader.hlsl performs the vertex transformation sequence we discussed in the camera section. It's run one time per vertex. The resultant outputs are passed to the pixel shader code for texturing and material effects.
PixelShader.hlsl
#include "ConstantBuffers.hlsli"
float4 main(PixelShaderInput input) : SV_Target
{
float diffuseLuminance =
max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, input.vertexToLight0)) +
max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, input.vertexToLight1)) +
max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, input.vertexToLight2)) +
max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, input.vertexToLight3));
// Normalize view space vertex-to-eye
input.vertexToEye = normalize(input.vertexToEye);
float specularLuminance =
pow(max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, normalize(input.vertexToEye + input.vertexToLight0))), specularExponent) +
pow(max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, normalize(input.vertexToEye + input.vertexToLight1))), specularExponent) +
pow(max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, normalize(input.vertexToEye + input.vertexToLight2))), specularExponent) +
pow(max(0.0f, dot(input.normal, normalize(input.vertexToEye + input.vertexToLight3))), specularExponent);
float4 specular;
specular = specularColor * specularLuminance * 0.5f;
return diffuseTexture.Sample(linearSampler, input.textureUV) * diffuseColor * diffuseLuminance * 0.5f + specular;
}
The main function in PixelShader.hlsl takes the 2-D projections of the triangle surfaces for each primitive in the scene, and computes the color value for each pixel of the visible surfaces based on the textures and effects (in this case, specular lighting) applied to them.
Now, let's bring all these ideas (primitives, camera, and shaders) together, and see how the sample game builds the complete rendering process.
Rendering the frame for output
We briefly discussed this method in Defining the main game object. Now, let's look at it in a little more detail.
void GameRenderer::Render()
{
int renderingPasses = 1;
if (m_stereoEnabled)
{
renderingPasses = 2;
}
for (int i = 0; i < renderingPasses; i++)
{
if (m_stereoEnabled && i > 0)
{
// Doing the Right Eye View
m_d3dContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, m_renderTargetViewRight.GetAddressOf(), m_depthStencilView.Get());
m_d3dContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView.Get(), D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
m_d2dContext->SetTarget(m_d2dTargetBitmapRight.Get());
}
else
{
// Doing the Mono or Left Eye View
m_d3dContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, m_renderTargetView.GetAddressOf(), m_depthStencilView.Get());
m_d3dContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView.Get(), D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
m_d2dContext->SetTarget(m_d2dTargetBitmap.Get());
}
if (m_game != nullptr && m_gameResourcesLoaded && m_levelResourcesLoaded)
{
// This section is only used after the game state has been initialized and all device
// resources needed for the game have been created and associated with the game objects.
if (m_stereoEnabled)
{
ConstantBufferChangeOnResize changesOnResize;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&changesOnResize.projection,
XMMatrixMultiply(
XMMatrixTranspose(
i == 0 ?
m_game->GameCamera()->LeftEyeProjection() :
m_game->GameCamera()->RightEyeProjection()
),
XMMatrixTranspose(XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_rotationTransform3D))
)
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&changesOnResize,
0,
0
);
}
// Update variables that change one time per frame
ConstantBufferChangesEveryFrame constantBufferChangesEveryFrame;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.view,
XMMatrixTranspose(m_game->GameCamera()->View())
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&constantBufferChangesEveryFrame,
0,
0
);
// Setup Pipeline
m_d3dContext->IASetInputLayout(m_vertexLayout.Get());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, m_constantBufferNeverChanges.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(1, 1, m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(2, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(3, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(2, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(3, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->PSSetSamplers(0, 1, m_samplerLinear.GetAddressOf());
// Get the all the objects to render from the Game state.
auto objects = m_game->RenderObjects();
for (auto object = objects.begin(); object != objects.end(); object++)
{
(*object)->Render(m_d3dContext.Get(), m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim.Get());
}
}
else
{
const float ClearColor[4] = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f};
// Only need to clear the background when not rendering the full 3-D scene because
// the 3-D world is a fully enclosed box and the dynamics prevents the camera from
// moving outside this space.
if (m_stereoEnabled && i > 0)
{
// Doing the Right Eye View
m_d3dContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetViewRight.Get(), ClearColor);
}
else
{
// Doing the Mono or Left Eye View
m_d3dContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView.Get(), ClearColor);
}
}
m_d2dContext->BeginDraw();
// To handle the swapchain being pre-rotated, set the D2D transformation to include it.
m_d2dContext->SetTransform(m_rotationTransform2D);
if (m_game != nullptr && m_gameResourcesLoaded)
{
// This is only used after the game state has been initialized.
m_gameHud->Render(m_game, m_d2dContext.Get(), m_windowBounds);
}
if (m_gameInfoOverlay->Visible())
{
m_d2dContext->DrawBitmap(
m_gameInfoOverlay->Bitmap(),
D2D1::RectF(
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width)/2.0f,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height)/2.0f,
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width)/2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height)/2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height
)
);
}
HRESULT hr = m_d2dContext->EndDraw();
if (hr != D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET)
{
// The D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET indicates there has been a problem with the underlying
// D3D device. All subsequent rendering will be ignored until the device is recreated.
// This error will be propagated and the appropriate D3D error will be returned from the
// swapchain->Present(...) call. At that point, the sample will recreate the device
// and all associated resources. As a result the D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET doesn't
// need to be handled here.
DX::ThrowIfFailed(hr);
}
}
Present();
}
The game has all the pieces to assemble a view for output: primitives and the rules for their behavior, a camera object to provide the player's view of the game world, and the graphics resources for drawing.
Now, let's look at the process that brings it all together.
- If stereo 3D is enabled, set the following rendering process to run two times, one time for each eye.
- The whole scene is enclosed in a bounding world volume, so draw every pixel (even those we don’t need) to clear the color planes of the render target. Set the depth stencil buffer to the default value.
- Update the constant buffer for frame update data by using the camera's view matrix and data.
- Set up the Direct3D context to use the four content buffers that were defined earlier.
- Call the Render method on each primitive object. This results in a Draw or DrawIndexed call on the context to draw the geometry of that each primitive. Specifically, this Draw call queues commands and data to the GPU, as parameterized by the constant buffer data. Each draw call executes the vertex shader one time per vertex, and then the pixel shader one time for every pixel of each triangle in the primitive. The textures are part of the state that the pixel shader uses to do the rendering.
- Draw the HUD and the overlay using the Direct2D context.
- Call DirectXBase::Present.
And the game has updated the display! Altogether, this is the basic process for implementing the graphics framework of a game. Of course, the larger your game, the more abstractions you must put in place to handle that complexity, such as entire hierarchies of object types and animation behaviors, and more complex methods for loading and managing assets such as meshes and textures.
Next steps
Moving forward, let's look at a few important parts of the game sample that we've only discussed in passing: the user interface overlay, the input controls, and the sound.
Complete sample code for this section
Camera.h
//// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#pragma once
ref class Camera
{
internal:
Camera();
// Call these from client and use Get*Matrix() to read new matrices.
// Functions to change camera matrices.
void SetViewParams(_In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 eye, _In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 lookAt, _In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 up);
void SetProjParams(_In_ float fieldOfView, _In_ float aspectRatio, _In_ float nearPlane, _In_ float farPlane);
void LookDirection (_In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 lookDirection);
void Eye (_In_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 position);
DirectX::XMMATRIX View();
DirectX::XMMATRIX Projection();
DirectX::XMMATRIX LeftEyeProjection();
DirectX::XMMATRIX RightEyeProjection();
DirectX::XMMATRIX World();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Eye();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 LookAt();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Up();
float NearClipPlane();
float FarClipPlane();
float Pitch();
float Yaw();
protected private:
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_viewMatrix; // View matrix
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_projectionMatrix; // Projection matrix
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_projectionMatrixLeft; // Projection Matrix for Left Eye Stereo
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_projectionMatrixRight; // Projection Matrix for Right Eye Stereo
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_inverseView;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_eye; // Camera eye position
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_lookAt; // LookAt position
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_up; // Up vector
float m_cameraYawAngle; // Yaw angle of camera
float m_cameraPitchAngle; // Pitch angle of camera
float m_fieldOfView; // Field of view
float m_aspectRatio; // Aspect ratio
float m_nearPlane; // Near plane
float m_farPlane; // Far plane
};
Camera.cpp
//// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#include "pch.h"
#include "Camera.h"
#include "StereoProjection.h"
using namespace DirectX;
#undef min // use __min instead
#undef max // use __max instead
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Camera::Camera()
{
// Setup the view matrix.
SetViewParams(
XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), // default eye position.
XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), // default look at position.
XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f) // default up vector.
);
// Setup the projection matrix.
SetProjParams(XM_PI / 4, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1000.0f);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Camera::LookDirection (_In_ XMFLOAT3 lookDirection)
{
XMFLOAT3 lookAt;
lookAt.x = m_eye.x + lookDirection.x;
lookAt.y = m_eye.y + lookDirection.y;
lookAt.z = m_eye.z + lookDirection.z;
SetViewParams(m_eye, lookAt, m_up);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Camera::Eye(_In_ XMFLOAT3 eye)
{
SetViewParams(eye, m_lookAt, m_up);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Camera::SetViewParams(
_In_ XMFLOAT3 eye,
_In_ XMFLOAT3 lookAt,
_In_ XMFLOAT3 up
)
{
m_eye = eye;
m_lookAt = lookAt;
m_up = up;
// Calc the view matrix.
XMMATRIX view = XMMatrixLookAtLH(
XMLoadFloat3(&m_eye),
XMLoadFloat3(&m_lookAt),
XMLoadFloat3(&m_up)
);
XMVECTOR det;
XMMATRIX inverseView = XMMatrixInverse(&det, view);
XMStoreFloat4x4(&m_viewMatrix, view);
XMStoreFloat4x4(&m_inverseView, inverseView);
// The axis basis vectors and camera position are stored inside the
// position matrix in the four rows of the camera's world matrix.
// To figure out the yaw/pitch of the camera, we just need the Z basis vector
XMFLOAT3 zBasis;
XMStoreFloat3(&zBasis, inverseView.r[2]);
m_cameraYawAngle = atan2f(zBasis.x, zBasis.z);
float len = sqrtf(zBasis.z * zBasis.z + zBasis.x * zBasis.x);
m_cameraPitchAngle = atan2f(zBasis.y, len);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Calculates the projection matrix based on input params
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void Camera::SetProjParams(
_In_ float fieldOfView,
_In_ float aspectRatio,
_In_ float nearPlane,
_In_ float farPlane
)
{
// Set attributes for the projection matrix.
m_fieldOfView = fieldOfView;
m_aspectRatio = aspectRatio;
m_nearPlane = nearPlane;
m_farPlane = farPlane;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&m_projectionMatrix,
XMMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(
m_fieldOfView,
m_aspectRatio,
m_nearPlane,
m_farPlane
)
);
STEREO_PARAMETERS* stereoParams = nullptr;
// Change the projection matrix.
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&m_projectionMatrixLeft,
MatrixStereoProjectionFovLH(
stereoParams,
STEREO_CHANNEL::LEFT,
m_fieldOfView,
m_aspectRatio,
m_nearPlane,
m_farPlane,
STEREO_MODE::NORMAL
)
);
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&m_projectionMatrixRight,
MatrixStereoProjectionFovLH(
stereoParams,
STEREO_CHANNEL::RIGHT,
m_fieldOfView,
m_aspectRatio,
m_nearPlane,
m_farPlane,
STEREO_MODE::NORMAL
)
);
}
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DirectX::XMMATRIX Camera::View()
{
return XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_viewMatrix);
}
DirectX::XMMATRIX Camera::Projection()
{
return XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_projectionMatrix);
}
DirectX::XMMATRIX Camera::LeftEyeProjection()
{
return XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_projectionMatrixLeft);
}
DirectX::XMMATRIX Camera::RightEyeProjection()
{
return XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_projectionMatrixRight);
}
DirectX::XMMATRIX Camera::World()
{
return XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_inverseView);
}
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Camera::Eye()
{
return m_eye;
}
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Camera::LookAt()
{
return m_lookAt;
}
float Camera::NearClipPlane()
{
return m_nearPlane;
}
float Camera::FarClipPlane()
{
return m_farPlane;
}
float Camera::Pitch()
{
return m_cameraPitchAngle;
}
float Camera::Yaw()
{
return m_cameraYawAngle;
}
GameRenderer.h
//// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#pragma once
#include "DirectXBase.h"
#include "GameInfoOverlay.h"
#include "GameHud.h"
#include "Simple3DGame.h"
ref class Simple3DGame;
ref class GameHud;
ref class GameRenderer : public DirectXBase
{
internal:
GameRenderer();
virtual void Initialize(
_In_ Windows::UI::Core::CoreWindow^ window,
float dpi
) override;
virtual void CreateDeviceIndependentResources() override;
virtual void CreateDeviceResources() override;
virtual void UpdateForWindowSizeChange() override;
virtual void Render() override;
virtual void SetDpi(float dpi) override;
concurrency::task<void> CreateGameDeviceResourcesAsync(_In_ Simple3DGame^ game);
void FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources();
concurrency::task<void> LoadLevelResourcesAsync();
void FinalizeLoadLevelResources();
GameInfoOverlay^ InfoOverlay() { return m_gameInfoOverlay; };
DirectX::XMFLOAT2 GameInfoOverlayUpperLeft()
{
return DirectX::XMFLOAT2(
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width) / 2.0f,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height) / 2.0f
);
};
DirectX::XMFLOAT2 GameInfoOverlayLowerRight()
{
return DirectX::XMFLOAT2(
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width) / 2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height) / 2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height
);
};
protected private:
bool m_initialized;
bool m_gameResourcesLoaded;
bool m_levelResourcesLoaded;
GameInfoOverlay^ m_gameInfoOverlay;
GameHud^ m_gameHud;
Simple3DGame^ m_game;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_sphereTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_cylinderTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_ceilingTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_floorTexture;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> m_wallsTexture;
// Constant Buffers.
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferNeverChanges;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferChangeOnResize;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11Buffer> m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11SamplerState> m_samplerLinear;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11VertexShader> m_vertexShader;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11VertexShader> m_vertexShaderFlat;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11PixelShader> m_pixelShader;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11PixelShader> m_pixelShaderFlat;
Microsoft::WRL::ComPtr<ID3D11InputLayout> m_vertexLayout;
};
GameRenderer.cpp
//// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#include "pch.h"
#include "DirectXSample.h"
#include "GameRenderer.h"
#include "ConstantBuffers.h"
#include "TargetTexture.h"
#include "BasicLoader.h"
#include "CylinderMesh.h"
#include "FaceMesh.h"
#include "SphereMesh.h"
#include "WorldMesh.h"
#include "Face.h"
#include "Sphere.h"
#include "Cylinder.h"
using namespace concurrency;
using namespace DirectX;
using namespace Microsoft::WRL;
using namespace Windows::UI::Core;
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
GameRenderer::GameRenderer() :
m_initialized(false),
m_gameResourcesLoaded(false),
m_levelResourcesLoaded(false)
{
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::Initialize(
_In_ CoreWindow^ window,
float dpi
)
{
if (!m_initialized)
{
m_gameHud = ref new GameHud(
"Windows 8 Samples",
"DirectX first-person game sample"
);
m_gameInfoOverlay = ref new GameInfoOverlay();
m_initialized = true;
}
DirectXBase::Initialize(window, dpi);
// Initialize could be called multiple times as a result of an error with the hardware device
// that requires it to be reinitialized. Since the m_gameInfoOverlay has resources that are
// dependent on the device it will need to be reinitialized each time with the new device information.
m_gameInfoOverlay->Initialize(m_d2dDevice.Get(), m_d2dContext.Get(), m_dwriteFactory.Get(), dpi);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::CreateDeviceIndependentResources()
{
DirectXBase::CreateDeviceIndependentResources();
m_gameHud->CreateDeviceIndependentResources(m_dwriteFactory.Get(), m_wicFactory.Get());
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::CreateDeviceResources()
{
DirectXBase::CreateDeviceResources();
m_gameHud->CreateDeviceResources(m_d2dContext.Get());
if (m_game != nullptr)
{
// The initial invocation of CreateDeviceResources will occur
// before the Game State is initialized when the device is first
// being created, so that the inital loading screen can be displayed.
// Subsequent invocations of CreateDeviceResources will be a result
// of an error with the Device that requires the resources to be
// recreated. In this case, the game state is already initialized
// so the game device resources need to be recreated.
// This sample doesn't gracefully handle all the async recreation
// of resources so an exception is thrown.
throw Platform::Exception::CreateException(
DXGI_ERROR_DEVICE_REMOVED,
"GameRenderer::CreateDeviceResources - Recreation of resources after TDR not available\n"
);
}
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::UpdateForWindowSizeChange()
{
DirectXBase::UpdateForWindowSizeChange();
m_gameHud->UpdateForWindowSizeChange(m_windowBounds);
// Update the Projection Matrix and update the associated Constant Buffer.
if (m_game != nullptr)
{
m_game->GameCamera()->SetProjParams(
XM_PI / 2, m_renderTargetSize.Width / m_renderTargetSize.Height,
0.01f,
100.0f
);
ConstantBufferChangeOnResize changesOnResize;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&changesOnResize.projection,
XMMatrixMultiply(
XMMatrixTranspose(m_game->GameCamera()->Projection()),
XMMatrixTranspose(XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_rotationTransform3D))
)
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&changesOnResize,
0,
0
);
}
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::SetDpi(float dpi)
{
DirectXBase::SetDpi(dpi);
if (m_gameInfoOverlay)
{
m_gameInfoOverlay->SetDpi(dpi);
}
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
task<void> GameRenderer::CreateGameDeviceResourcesAsync(_In_ Simple3DGame^ game)
{
// Set the Loading state to wait until any async resources have
// been loaded before proceeding.
m_game = game;
// NOTE: Only the m_d3dDevice is used in this method. It is expected
// to not run on the same thread as the GameRenderer was created.
// Create methods on the m_d3dDevice are free-threaded and are safe while any methods
// in the m_d3dContext should only be used on a single thread and handled
// in the FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources method.
D3D11_BUFFER_DESC bd;
ZeroMemory(&bd, sizeof(bd));
// Create the constant buffers,
bd.Usage = D3D11_USAGE_DEFAULT;
bd.BindFlags = D3D11_BIND_CONSTANT_BUFFER;
bd.CPUAccessFlags = 0;
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferNeverChanges) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferNeverChanges)
);
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferChangeOnResize) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferChangeOnResize)
);
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferChangesEveryFrame) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame)
);
bd.ByteWidth = (sizeof(ConstantBufferChangesEveryPrim) + 15) / 16 * 16;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateBuffer(&bd, nullptr, &m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim)
);
D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC sampDesc;
ZeroMemory(&sampDesc, sizeof(sampDesc));
sampDesc.Filter = D3D11_FILTER_MIN_MAG_MIP_LINEAR;
sampDesc.AddressU = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
sampDesc.AddressV = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
sampDesc.AddressW = D3D11_TEXTURE_ADDRESS_WRAP;
sampDesc.ComparisonFunc = D3D11_COMPARISON_NEVER;
sampDesc.MinLOD = 0;
sampDesc.MaxLOD = FLT_MAX;
DX::ThrowIfFailed(
m_d3dDevice->CreateSamplerState(&sampDesc, &m_samplerLinear)
);
// Start the async tasks to load the shaders and textures.
BasicLoader^ loader = ref new BasicLoader(m_d3dDevice.Get());
std::vector<task<void>> tasks;
uint32 numElements = ARRAYSIZE(PNTVertexLayout);
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("VertexShader.cso", PNTVertexLayout, numElements, &m_vertexShader, &m_vertexLayout));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("VertexShaderFlat.cso", nullptr, numElements, &m_vertexShaderFlat, nullptr));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("PixelShader.cso", &m_pixelShader));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadShaderAsync("PixelShaderFlat.cso", &m_pixelShaderFlat));
// Make sure previous versions if any of the textures are released.
m_sphereTexture = nullptr;
m_cylinderTexture = nullptr;
m_ceilingTexture = nullptr;
m_floorTexture = nullptr;
m_wallsTexture = nullptr;
// Load Game specific textures,
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("seafloor.dds", nullptr, &m_sphereTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("metal_texture.dds", nullptr, &m_cylinderTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("cellceiling.dds", nullptr, &m_ceilingTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("cellfloor.dds", nullptr, &m_floorTexture));
tasks.push_back(loader->LoadTextureAsync("cellwall.dds", nullptr, &m_wallsTexture));
tasks.push_back(create_task([]()
{
// Simulate loading additional resources.
wait(GameConstants::InitialLoadingDelay);
}));
// Return the task group of all the async tasks for loading the shader and texture assets.
return when_all(tasks.begin(), tasks.end());
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::FinalizeCreateGameDeviceResources()
{
// All asynchronously loaded resources have completed loading.
// Now associate all the resources with the appropriate
// Game objects.
// This method is expected to run in the same thread as the GameRenderer
// was created. All work will happen behind the "Loading ..." screen after the
// main loop has been entered.
// Initialize the Constant buffer with the light positions
// These are handled here to ensure that the d3dContext is only
// used in one thread.
ConstantBufferNeverChanges constantBufferNeverChanges;
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[0] = XMFLOAT4( 3.5f, 2.5f, 5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[1] = XMFLOAT4( 3.5f, 2.5f, -5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[2] = XMFLOAT4(-3.5f, 2.5f, -5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightPosition[3] = XMFLOAT4( 3.5f, 2.5f, 5.5f, 1.0f);
constantBufferNeverChanges.lightColor = XMFLOAT4(0.25f, 0.25f, 0.25f, 1.0f);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(m_constantBufferNeverChanges.Get(), 0, nullptr, &constantBufferNeverChanges, 0, 0);
// For the targets, there are two unique generated textures.
// Each texture image includes the number of the texture.
// Make sure the 2D rendering is occurring on the same thread
// as the main rendering.
TargetTexture^ textureGenerator = ref new TargetTexture(
m_d3dDevice.Get(),
m_d2dFactory.Get(),
m_dwriteFactory.Get(),
m_d2dContext.Get()
);
MeshObject^ cylinderMesh = ref new CylinderMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get(), 26);
MeshObject^ targetMesh = ref new FaceMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get());
MeshObject^ sphereMesh = ref new SphereMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get(), 26);
Material^ cylinderMaterial = ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, .5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, .5f),
XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
15.0f,
m_cylinderTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
);
Material^ sphereMaterial = ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.4f, 0.0f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f),
50.0f,
m_sphereTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
);
auto objects = m_game->RenderObjects();
// Attach the textures to the appropriate game objects.
for (auto object = objects.begin(); object != objects.end(); object++)
{
if ((*object)->TargetId() == GameConstants::WorldFloorId)
{
(*object)->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
150.0f,
m_floorTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShaderFlat.Get(),
m_pixelShaderFlat.Get()
)
);
(*object)->Mesh(ref new WorldFloorMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get()));
}
else if ((*object)->TargetId() == GameConstants::WorldCeilingId)
{
(*object)->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
150.0f,
m_ceilingTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShaderFlat.Get(),
m_pixelShaderFlat.Get()
)
);
(*object)->Mesh(ref new WorldCeilingMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get()));
}
else if ((*object)->TargetId() == GameConstants::WorldWallsId)
{
(*object)->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 1.0f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
150.0f,
m_wallsTexture.Get(),
m_vertexShaderFlat.Get(),
m_pixelShaderFlat.Get()
)
);
(*object)->Mesh(ref new WorldWallsMesh(m_d3dDevice.Get()));
}
else if (Cylinder^ cylinder = dynamic_cast<Cylinder^>(*object))
{
cylinder->Mesh(cylinderMesh);
cylinder->NormalMaterial(cylinderMaterial);
}
else if (Face^ target = dynamic_cast<Face^>(*object))
{
const int bufferLength = 16;
char16 str[bufferLength];
int len = swprintf_s(str, bufferLength, L"%d", target->TargetId());
Platform::String^ string = ref new Platform::String(str, len);
ComPtr<ID3D11ShaderResourceView> texture;
textureGenerator->CreateTextureResourceView(string, &texture);
target->NormalMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
5.0f,
texture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
)
);
textureGenerator->CreateHitTextureResourceView(string, &texture);
target->HitMaterial(
ref new Material(
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f, 0.5f),
XMFLOAT4(0.3f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f),
5.0f,
texture.Get(),
m_vertexShader.Get(),
m_pixelShader.Get()
)
);
target->Mesh(targetMesh);
}
else if (Sphere^ sphere = dynamic_cast<Sphere^>(*object))
{
sphere->Mesh(sphereMesh);
sphere->NormalMaterial(sphereMaterial);
}
}
// Ensure that the camera has been initialized with the right Projection
// matrix. The camera is not created at the time the first window resize event
// occurs.
m_game->GameCamera()->SetProjParams(
XM_PI / 2, m_renderTargetSize.Width / m_renderTargetSize.Height,
0.01f,
100.0f
);
// Make sure that Projection matrix has been set in the constant buffer
// now that all the resources are loaded.
// DirectXBase is handling screen rotations directly to eliminate an unaligned
// fullscreen copy. As a result, it is necessary to post multiply the rotationTransform3D
// matrix to the camera projection matrix.
ConstantBufferChangeOnResize changesOnResize;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&changesOnResize.projection,
XMMatrixMultiply(
XMMatrixTranspose(m_game->GameCamera()->Projection()),
XMMatrixTranspose(XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_rotationTransform3D))
)
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&changesOnResize,
0,
0
);
m_gameResourcesLoaded = true;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
task<void> GameRenderer::LoadLevelResourcesAsync()
{
m_levelResourcesLoaded = false;
return create_task([this]()
{
// This is where additional async loading of level specific resources
// would be done. Because there aren't any to load, just simulate
// by delaying for some time.
wait(GameConstants::LevelLoadingDelay);
});
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::FinalizeLoadLevelResources()
{
// After the level specific resources had been loaded, this method is
// where D3D context specific actions would be handled. This method
// runs in the same thread context as the GameRenderer was created.
m_levelResourcesLoaded = true;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameRenderer::Render()
{
int renderingPasses = 1;
if (m_stereoEnabled)
{
renderingPasses = 2;
}
for (int i = 0; i < renderingPasses; i++)
{
if (m_stereoEnabled && i > 0)
{
// Doing the Right Eye View.
m_d3dContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, m_renderTargetViewRight.GetAddressOf(), m_depthStencilView.Get());
m_d3dContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView.Get(), D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
m_d2dContext->SetTarget(m_d2dTargetBitmapRight.Get());
}
else
{
// Doing the Mono or Left Eye View.
m_d3dContext->OMSetRenderTargets(1, m_renderTargetView.GetAddressOf(), m_depthStencilView.Get());
m_d3dContext->ClearDepthStencilView(m_depthStencilView.Get(), D3D11_CLEAR_DEPTH, 1.0f, 0);
m_d2dContext->SetTarget(m_d2dTargetBitmap.Get());
}
if (m_game != nullptr && m_gameResourcesLoaded && m_levelResourcesLoaded)
{
// This section is only used after the game state has been initialized and all device
// resources needed for the game have been created and associated with the game objects.
if (m_stereoEnabled)
{
ConstantBufferChangeOnResize changesOnResize;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&changesOnResize.projection,
XMMatrixMultiply(
XMMatrixTranspose(
i == 0 ?
m_game->GameCamera()->LeftEyeProjection() :
m_game->GameCamera()->RightEyeProjection()
),
XMMatrixTranspose(XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_rotationTransform3D))
)
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&changesOnResize,
0,
0
);
}
// Update variables that change one time per frame.
ConstantBufferChangesEveryFrame constantBufferChangesEveryFrame;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.view,
XMMatrixTranspose(m_game->GameCamera()->View())
);
m_d3dContext->UpdateSubresource(
m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.Get(),
0,
nullptr,
&constantBufferChangesEveryFrame,
0,
0
);
// Setup Pipeline.
m_d3dContext->IASetInputLayout(m_vertexLayout.Get());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(0, 1, m_constantBufferNeverChanges.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(1, 1, m_constantBufferChangeOnResize.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(2, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->VSSetConstantBuffers(3, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(2, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryFrame.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->PSSetConstantBuffers(3, 1, m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim.GetAddressOf());
m_d3dContext->PSSetSamplers(0, 1, m_samplerLinear.GetAddressOf());
// Get the all the objects to render from the Game state.
auto objects = m_game->RenderObjects();
for (auto object = objects.begin(); object != objects.end(); object++)
{
(*object)->Render(m_d3dContext.Get(), m_constantBufferChangesEveryPrim.Get());
}
}
else
{
const float ClearColor[4] = {0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f, 1.0f};
// Only need to clear the background when not rendering the full 3-D scene because
// the 3-D world is a fully enclosed box and the dynamics prevents the camera from
// moving outside this space.
if (m_stereoEnabled && i > 0)
{
// Doing the Right Eye View.
m_d3dContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetViewRight.Get(), ClearColor);
}
else
{
// Doing the Mono or Left Eye View.
m_d3dContext->ClearRenderTargetView(m_renderTargetView.Get(), ClearColor);
}
}
m_d2dContext->BeginDraw();
// To handle the swapchain being pre-rotated, set the D2D transformation to include it.
m_d2dContext->SetTransform(m_rotationTransform2D);
if (m_game != nullptr && m_gameResourcesLoaded)
{
// This is only used after the game state has been initialized.
m_gameHud->Render(m_game, m_d2dContext.Get(), m_windowBounds);
}
if (m_gameInfoOverlay->Visible())
{
m_d2dContext->DrawBitmap(
m_gameInfoOverlay->Bitmap(),
D2D1::RectF(
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width)/2.0f,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height)/2.0f,
(m_windowBounds.Width - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width)/2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Width,
(m_windowBounds.Height - GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height)/2.0f + GameInfoOverlayConstant::Height
)
);
}
HRESULT hr = m_d2dContext->EndDraw();
if (hr != D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET)
{
// The D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET indicates there has been a problem with the underlying
// D3D device. All subsequent rendering will be ignored until the device is recreated.
// This error will be propagated and the appropriate D3D error will be returned from the
// swapchain->Present(...) call. At that point the sample will recreate the device
// and all associated resources. As a result the D2DERR_RECREATE_TARGET doesn't
// need to be handled here.
DX::ThrowIfFailed(hr);
}
}
Present();
}
GameObject.h
/// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#pragma once
#include "MeshObject.h"
#include "SoundEffect.h"
#include "Animate.h"
#include "Material.h"
ref class GameObject
{
internal:
GameObject();
// Expect these two functions to be overloaded by subclasses.
virtual bool IsTouching(
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 /* point */,
float /* radius */,
_Out_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 *contact,
_Out_ DirectX::XMFLOAT3 *normal
)
{
*contact = DirectX::XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
*normal = DirectX::XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
return false;
};
void Render(
_In_ ID3D11DeviceContext *context,
_In_ ID3D11Buffer *primitiveConstantBuffer
);
void Active(bool active);
bool Active();
void Target(bool target);
bool Target();
void Hit(bool hit);
bool Hit();
void OnGround(bool ground);
bool OnGround();
void TargetId(int targetId);
int TargetId();
void HitTime(float t);
float HitTime();
void AnimatePosition(_In_opt_ Animate^ animate);
Animate^ AnimatePosition();
void HitSound(_In_ SoundEffect^ hitSound);
SoundEffect^ HitSound();
void PlaySound(float impactSpeed, DirectX::XMFLOAT3 eyePoint);
void Mesh(_In_ MeshObject^ mesh);
void NormalMaterial(_In_ Material^ material);
Material^ NormalMaterial();
void HitMaterial(_In_ Material^ material);
Material^ HitMaterial();
void Position(DirectX::XMFLOAT3 position);
void Position(DirectX::XMVECTOR position);
void Velocity(DirectX::XMFLOAT3 velocity);
void Velocity(DirectX::XMVECTOR velocity);
DirectX::XMMATRIX ModelMatrix();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Position();
DirectX::XMVECTOR VectorPosition();
DirectX::XMVECTOR VectorVelocity();
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 Velocity();
protected private:
virtual void UpdatePosition() {};
// Object Data.
bool m_active;
bool m_target;
int m_targetId;
bool m_hit;
bool m_ground;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_position;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_velocity;
DirectX::XMFLOAT4X4 m_modelMatrix;
Material^ m_normalMaterial;
Material^ m_hitMaterial;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_defaultXAxis;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_defaultYAxis;
DirectX::XMFLOAT3 m_defaultZAxis;
float m_hitTime;
Animate^ m_animatePosition;
MeshObject^ m_mesh;
SoundEffect^ m_hitSound;
};
__forceinline void GameObject::Active(bool active)
{
m_active = active;
}
__forceinline bool GameObject::Active()
{
return m_active;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Target(bool target)
{
m_target = target;
}
__forceinline bool GameObject::Target()
{
return m_target;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Hit(bool hit)
{
m_hit = hit;
}
__forceinline bool GameObject::Hit()
{
return m_hit;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::OnGround(bool ground)
{
m_ground = ground;
}
__forceinline bool GameObject::OnGround()
{
return m_ground;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::TargetId(int targetId)
{
m_targetId = targetId;
}
__forceinline int GameObject::TargetId()
{
return m_targetId;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::HitTime(float t)
{
m_hitTime = t;
}
__forceinline float GameObject::HitTime()
{
return m_hitTime;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Position(DirectX::XMFLOAT3 position)
{
m_position = position;
// Update any internal states that are dependent on the position.
// UpdatePosition is a virtual function that is specific to the derived class.
UpdatePosition();
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Position(DirectX::XMVECTOR position)
{
XMStoreFloat3(&m_position, position);
// Update any internal states that are dependent on the position.
// UpdatePosition is a virtual function that is specific to the derived class.
UpdatePosition();
}
__forceinline DirectX::XMFLOAT3 GameObject::Position()
{
return m_position;
}
__forceinline DirectX::XMVECTOR GameObject::VectorPosition()
{
return DirectX::XMLoadFloat3(&m_position);
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Velocity(DirectX::XMFLOAT3 velocity)
{
m_velocity = velocity;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Velocity(DirectX::XMVECTOR velocity)
{
XMStoreFloat3(&m_velocity, velocity);
}
__forceinline DirectX::XMFLOAT3 GameObject::Velocity()
{
return m_velocity;
}
__forceinline DirectX::XMVECTOR GameObject::VectorVelocity()
{
return DirectX::XMLoadFloat3(&m_velocity);
}
__forceinline void GameObject::AnimatePosition(_In_opt_ Animate^ animate)
{
m_animatePosition = animate;
}
__forceinline Animate^ GameObject::AnimatePosition()
{
return m_animatePosition;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::NormalMaterial(_In_ Material^ material)
{
m_normalMaterial = material;
}
__forceinline Material^ GameObject::NormalMaterial()
{
return m_normalMaterial;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::HitMaterial(_In_ Material^ material)
{
m_hitMaterial = material;
}
__forceinline Material^ GameObject::HitMaterial()
{
return m_hitMaterial;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::Mesh(_In_ MeshObject^ mesh)
{
m_mesh = mesh;
}
__forceinline void GameObject::HitSound(_In_ SoundEffect^ hitSound)
{
m_hitSound = hitSound;
}
__forceinline SoundEffect^ GameObject::HitSound()
{
return m_hitSound;
}
__forceinline DirectX::XMMATRIX GameObject::ModelMatrix()
{
return DirectX::XMLoadFloat4x4(&m_modelMatrix);
}
GameObject.cpp
//// THIS CODE AND INFORMATION IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
//// ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
//// THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND/OR FITNESS FOR A
//// PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
////
//// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved
#include "pch.h"
#include "GameObject.h"
#include "ConstantBuffers.h"
#include "GameConstants.h"
using namespace DirectX;
//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GameObject::GameObject() :
m_normalMaterial(nullptr),
m_hitMaterial(nullptr)
{
m_active = false;
m_target = false;
m_targetId = 0;
m_hit = false;
m_ground = true;
m_position = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
m_velocity = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
m_defaultXAxis = XMFLOAT3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
m_defaultYAxis = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
m_defaultZAxis = XMFLOAT3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
XMStoreFloat4x4(&m_modelMatrix, XMMatrixIdentity());
m_hitTime = 0.0f;
m_animatePosition = nullptr;
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameObject::Render(
_In_ ID3D11DeviceContext *context,
_In_ ID3D11Buffer *primitiveConstantBuffer
)
{
if (!m_active || (m_mesh == nullptr) || (m_normalMaterial == nullptr))
{
return;
}
ConstantBufferChangesEveryPrim constantBuffer;
XMStoreFloat4x4(
&constantBuffer.worldMatrix,
XMMatrixTranspose(ModelMatrix())
);
if (m_hit && m_hitMaterial != nullptr)
{
m_hitMaterial->RenderSetup(context, &constantBuffer);
}
else
{
m_normalMaterial->RenderSetup(context, &constantBuffer);
}
context->UpdateSubresource(primitiveConstantBuffer, 0, nullptr, &constantBuffer, 0, 0);
m_mesh->Render(context);
}
//----------------------------------------------------------------------
void GameObject::PlaySound(float impactSpeed, XMFLOAT3 eyePoint)
{
if (m_hitSound != nullptr)
{
// Determine the sound volume adjustment based on velocity.
float adjustment;
if (impactSpeed < GameConstants::Sound::MinVelocity)
{
adjustment = 0.0f; // Too soft. Don't play sound.
}
else
{
adjustment = min(1.0f, impactSpeed / GameConstants::Sound::MaxVelocity);
adjustment = GameConstants::Sound::MinAdjustment + adjustment * (1.0f - GameConstants::Sound::MinAdjustment);
}
// Compute Distance to eyePoint to adjust the volume based on that distance.
XMVECTOR cameraToPosition = XMLoadFloat3(&eyePoint) - VectorPosition();
float distToPositionSquared = XMVectorGetX(XMVector3LengthSq(cameraToPosition));
float volume = min(distToPositionSquared, 1.0f);
// Scale
// Sound is proportional to how hard the ball is hitting.
volume = adjustment * volume;
m_hitSound->PlaySound(volume);
}
}