Extensible Authentication Protocol

Applies To: Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) extends Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) by allowing arbitrary authentication methods that use credential and information exchanges of arbitrary lengths. EAP was developed in response to demand for authentication methods that use security devices, such as smart cards, token cards, and crypto calculators. EAP provides an industry-standard architecture for supporting additional authentication methods within PPP.

EAP allows for an open-ended conversation between the remote access client and the authenticator. The conversation consists of authenticator requests for authentication information and the responses by the remote access client. For example, when EAP is used with security token cards, the authenticator can separately query the remote access client for a name, PIN, and card token value. As each query is asked and answered, the remote access client passes through another level of authentication. When all questions have been answered satisfactorily, the remote access client is authenticated.

Windows Server 2008 includes an EAP infrastructure, two EAP types, and the ability to pass EAP messages to a RADIUS server (EAP-RADIUS).

EAP infrastructure

EAP is a set of internal components that provide architectural support for any EAP type in the form of a plug-in module. For successful authentication, both the remote access client and authenticator must have the same EAP authentication module installed. You can also install additional EAP types. The components for an EAP type must be installed on every network access client and every authenticator.

EAP types

By using EAP, you can support additional authentication schemes, known as EAP types. These schemes include token cards, one-time passwords, public key authentication using smart cards, and certificates. EAP, in conjunction with strong EAP types, is a critical technology component for secure virtual private network (VPN) connections, 802.1X wired connections, and 802.1X wireless connections. Both the network access client and the authenticator, such as the NPS server, must support the same EAP type for successful authentication to occur.

With EAP, an arbitrary authentication mechanism authenticates a remote access connection. The authentication scheme to be used is negotiated by the remote access client and the authenticator (either the network access server or the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service [RADIUS] server). Routing and Remote Access includes support for EAP-TLS and PEAP-MS-CHAP v2 by default. You can plug in other EAP modules to the server running Routing and Remote Access to provide other EAP types.

EAP-TLS

EAP-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) is an EAP type that is used in certificate-based security environments. If you are using smart cards for remote access authentication, you must use the EAP-TLS authentication method. The EAP-TLS exchange of messages provides mutual authentication, negotiation of the encryption method, and encrypted key determination between the remote access client and the authenticator. EAP-TLS provides the strongest authentication and key determination method.

EAP-TLS is supported only on servers that are running Routing and Remote Access, that are configured to use Windows Authentication or RADIUS, and that are members of a domain. A network access server running as a stand-alone server or as a member of a workgroup does not support EAP-TLS.

Using RADIUS as a transport for EAP

Using RADIUS as a transport for EAP is the passing of EAP messages of any EAP type by a RADIUS client to a RADIUS server for authentication. For example, EAP messages are sent by a remote access client to a network access server that is configured as a RADIUS client. The network access server encapsulates and formats the EAP messages as RADIUS messages, and then sends them to the RADIUS server. When you use EAP over RADIUS, it is called EAP-RADIUS.

EAP-RADIUS is used in environments where RADIUS is used as the authentication provider. An advantage of using EAP-RADIUS is that EAP types do not need to be installed at each network access server, only at the RADIUS server. In the case of an NPS server, you only need to install EAP types on the NPS server.

In a typical use of EAP-RADIUS, a server running Routing and Remote Access is configured to use EAP and to use an NPS server for authentication. When a connection is made, the remote access client negotiates the use of EAP with the network access server. When the client sends an EAP message to the network access server, the network access server encapsulates the EAP message as a RADIUS message, and then sends it to its configured NPS server. The NPS server processes the EAP message and sends a RADIUS-encapsulated EAP message back to the network access server. The network access server then forwards the EAP message to the remote access client. In this configuration, the network access server is only a pass-through device. All processing of EAP messages occurs at the remote access client and the NPS server.

Routing and Remote Access can be configured to authenticate locally, or to a RADIUS server. If Routing and Remote Access is configured to authenticate locally, all EAP methods will be authenticated locally. If Routing and Remote Access is configured to authenticate to a RADIUS server, all EAP messages will be forwarded to the RADIUS server with EAP-RADIUS.

Enabling EAP

To enable EAP-based authentication

1. Enable EAP as an authentication protocol on the network access server. For more information, see your network access server documentation.

2. In NPS, on the Constraints tab of the appropriate network policy, enable EAP and configure the EAP type. For more information, see Constraints Properties.

3. Enable and configure EAP on the access client. For more information, see your access client documentation.