Create delta tables

• 5 minutes

When you create a table in a Microsoft Fabric lakehouse, a delta table is defined in the metastore for the lakehouse and the data for the table is stored in the underlying Parquet files for the table.

With most interactive tools in the Microsoft Fabric environment, the details of mapping the table definition in the metastore to the underlying files are abstracted. However, when working with Apache Spark in a lakehouse, you have greater control of the creation and management of delta tables.

Creating a delta table from a dataframe

One of the easiest ways to create a delta table in Spark is to save a dataframe in the delta format. For example, the following PySpark code loads a dataframe with data from an existing file, and then saves that dataframe as a delta table:

# Load a file into a dataframe
df = spark.read.load('Files/mydata.csv', format='csv', header=True)

# Save the dataframe as a delta table
df.write.format("delta").saveAsTable("mytable")

The code specifies that the table should be saved in delta format with a specified table name. The data for the table is saved in Parquet files (regardless of the format of the source file you loaded into the dataframe) in the Tables storage area in the lakehouse, along with a _delta_log folder containing the transaction logs for the table. The table is listed in the Tables folder for the lakehouse in the Data explorer pane.

Managed vs external tables

In the previous example, the dataframe was saved as a managed table; meaning that the table definition in the metastore and the underlying data files are both managed by the Spark runtime for the Fabric lakehouse. Deleting the table will also delete the underlying files from the Tables storage location for the lakehouse.

You can also create tables as external tables, in which the relational table definition in the metastore is mapped to an alternative file storage location. For example, the following code creates an external table for which the data is stored in the folder in the Files storage location for the lakehouse:

df.write.format("delta").saveAsTable("myexternaltable", path="Files/myexternaltable")

In this example, the table definition is created in the metastore (so the table is listed in the Tables user interface for the lakehouse), but the Parquet data files and JSON log files for the table are stored in the Files storage location (and will be shown in the Files node in the Lakehouse explorer pane).

You can also specify a fully qualified path for a storage location, like this:

df.write.format("delta").saveAsTable("myexternaltable", path="abfss://my_store_url..../myexternaltable")

Deleting an external table from the lakehouse metastore doesn't delete the associated data files.

Creating table metadata

While it's common to create a table from existing data in a dataframe, there are often scenarios where you want to create a table definition in the metastore that will be populated with data in other ways. There are multiple ways you can accomplish this goal.

Use the DeltaTableBuilder API

The DeltaTableBuilder API enables you to write Spark code to create a table based on your specifications. For example, the following code creates a table with a specified name and columns.

from delta.tables import *

DeltaTable.create(spark) \
  .tableName("products") \
  .addColumn("Productid", "INT") \
  .addColumn("ProductName", "STRING") \
  .addColumn("Category", "STRING") \
  .addColumn("Price", "FLOAT") \
  .execute()

Use Spark SQL

You can also create delta tables by using the Spark SQL CREATE TABLE statement, as shown in this example:

%%sql

CREATE TABLE salesorders
(
    Orderid INT NOT NULL,
    OrderDate TIMESTAMP NOT NULL,
    CustomerName STRING,
    SalesTotal FLOAT NOT NULL
)
USING DELTA

The previous example creates a managed table. You can also create an external table by specifying a LOCATION parameter, as shown here:

%%sql

CREATE TABLE MyExternalTable
USING DELTA
LOCATION 'Files/mydata'

When creating an external table, the schema of the table is determined by the Parquet files containing the data in the specified location. This approach can be useful when you want to create a table definition that references data that has already been saved in delta format, or based on a folder where you expect to ingest data in delta format.

Saving data in delta format

So far you've seen how to save a dataframe as a delta table (creating both the table schema definition in the metastore and the data files in delta format) and how to create the table definition (which creates the table schema in the metastore without saving any data files). A third possibility is to save data in delta format without creating a table definition in the metastore. This approach can be useful when you want to persist the results of data transformations performed in Spark in a file format over which you can later "overlay" a table definition or process directly by using the delta lake API.

For example, the following PySpark code saves a dataframe to a new folder location in delta format:

delta_path = "Files/mydatatable"
df.write.format("delta").save(delta_path)

Delta files are saved in Parquet format in the specified path, and include a _delta_log folder containing transaction log files. Transaction logs record any changes in the data, such as updates made to external tables or through the delta lake API.

You can replace the contents of an existing folder with the data in a dataframe by using the overwrite mode, as shown here:

new_df.write.format("delta").mode("overwrite").save(delta_path)

You can also add rows from a dataframe to an existing folder by using the append mode:

new_rows_df.write.format("delta").mode("append").save(delta_path)