The extern Storage-Class Specifier
A variable declared with the extern storage-class specifier is a reference to a variable with the same name defined at the external level in any of the source files of the program. The internal extern declaration is used to make the external-level variable definition visible within the block. Unless otherwise declared at the external level, a variable declared with the extern keyword is visible only in the block in which it is declared.
Example
This example illustrates internal- and external-level declarations:
// extern_StorageClassSpecified.c
#include <stdio.h>
void other( void );
int main()
{
// Reference to i, defined below:
extern int i;
// Initial value is zero; a is visible only within main:
static int a;
// b is stored in a register, if possible:
register int b = 0;
// Default storage class is auto:
int c = 0;
// Values printed are 1, 0, 0, 0:
printf_s( "%d\n%d\n%d\n%d\n", i, a, b, c );
other();
return;
}
int i = 1;
void other( void )
{
// Address of global i assigned to pointer variable:
static int *external_i = &i;
// i is redefined; global i no longer visible:
int i = 16;
// This a is visible only within the other function:
static int a = 2;
a += 2;
// Values printed are 16, 4, and 1:
printf_s( "%d\n%d\n%d\n", i, a, *external_i );
}
In this example, the variable i is defined at the external level with initial value 1. An extern declaration in the main function is used to declare a reference to the external-level i. The static variable a is initialized to 0 by default, since the initializer is omitted. The call to printf prints the values 1, 0, 0, and 0.
In the other function, the address of the global variable i is used to initialize the static pointer variable external_i. This works because the global variable has static lifetime, meaning its address does not change during program execution. Next, the variable i is redefined as a local variable with initial value 16. This redefinition does not affect the value of the external-level i, which is hidden by the use of its name for the local variable. The value of the global i is now accessible only indirectly within this block, through the pointer external_i. Attempting to assign the address of the auto variable i to a pointer does not work, since it may be different each time the block is entered. The variable a is declared as a static variable and initialized to 2. This a does not conflict with the a in main, since static variables at the internal level are visible only within the block in which they are declared.
The variable a is increased by 2, giving 4 as the result. If the other function were called again in the same program, the initial value of a would be 4. Internal static variables keep their values when the program exits and then reenters the block in which they are declared.