如何在衍生類別中引發基底類別事件 (C# 程式設計手冊)

下列簡單的範例示範在基底類別中宣告事件的標準方式，讓事件也可以從衍生類別引發。 這個模式在 .NET 類別庫的 Windows Forms 類別中廣泛使用。

當您建立可作為其他類別之基底類別的類別時，您應該考慮到事件其實是一種特殊的委派類型，只能在宣告事件的類別內予以叫用。 衍生類別無法直接叫用在基底類別內宣告的事件。 雖然有時您可能需要只能由基底類別引發的事件，但大多時候，您應該啟用衍生類別來叫用基底類別事件。 若要這樣做，您可以在包裝事件的基底類別中建立受保護的叫用方法。 藉由呼叫或覆寫這個叫用方法，衍生類別便能夠間接叫用該事件。

範例

namespace BaseClassEvents
{
    // Special EventArgs class to hold info about Shapes.
    public class ShapeEventArgs : EventArgs
    {
        public ShapeEventArgs(double area)
        {
            NewArea = area;
        }

        public double NewArea { get; }
    }

    // Base class event publisher
    public abstract class Shape
    {
        protected double _area;

        public double Area
        {
            get => _area;
            set => _area = value;
        }

        // The event. Note that by using the generic EventHandler<T> event type
        // we do not need to declare a separate delegate type.
        public event EventHandler<ShapeEventArgs> ShapeChanged;

        public abstract void Draw();

        //The event-invoking method that derived classes can override.
        protected virtual void OnShapeChanged(ShapeEventArgs e)
        {
            // Safely raise the event for all subscribers
            ShapeChanged?.Invoke(this, e);
        }
    }

    public class Circle : Shape
    {
        private double _radius;

        public Circle(double radius)
        {
            _radius = radius;
            _area = 3.14 * _radius * _radius;
        }

        public void Update(double d)
        {
            _radius = d;
            _area = 3.14 * _radius * _radius;
            OnShapeChanged(new ShapeEventArgs(_area));
        }

        protected override void OnShapeChanged(ShapeEventArgs e)
        {
            // Do any circle-specific processing here.

            // Call the base class event invocation method.
            base.OnShapeChanged(e);
        }

        public override void Draw()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Drawing a circle");
        }
    }

    public class Rectangle : Shape
    {
        private double _length;
        private double _width;

        public Rectangle(double length, double width)
        {
            _length = length;
            _width = width;
            _area = _length * _width;
        }

        public void Update(double length, double width)
        {
            _length = length;
            _width = width;
            _area = _length * _width;
            OnShapeChanged(new ShapeEventArgs(_area));
        }

        protected override void OnShapeChanged(ShapeEventArgs e)
        {
            // Do any rectangle-specific processing here.

            // Call the base class event invocation method.
            base.OnShapeChanged(e);
        }

        public override void Draw()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Drawing a rectangle");
        }
    }

    // Represents the surface on which the shapes are drawn
    // Subscribes to shape events so that it knows
    // when to redraw a shape.
    public class ShapeContainer
    {
        private readonly List<Shape> _list;

        public ShapeContainer()
        {
            _list = new List<Shape>();
        }

        public void AddShape(Shape shape)
        {
            _list.Add(shape);

            // Subscribe to the base class event.
            shape.ShapeChanged += HandleShapeChanged;
        }

        // ...Other methods to draw, resize, etc.

        private void HandleShapeChanged(object sender, ShapeEventArgs e)
        {
            if (sender is Shape shape)
            {
                // Diagnostic message for demonstration purposes.
                Console.WriteLine($"Received event. Shape area is now {e.NewArea}");

                // Redraw the shape here.
                shape.Draw();
            }
        }
    }

    class Test
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            //Create the event publishers and subscriber
            var circle = new Circle(54);
            var rectangle = new Rectangle(12, 9);
            var container = new ShapeContainer();

            // Add the shapes to the container.
            container.AddShape(circle);
            container.AddShape(rectangle);

            // Cause some events to be raised.
            circle.Update(57);
            rectangle.Update(7, 7);

            // Keep the console window open in debug mode.
            Console.WriteLine("Press any key to continue...");
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}
/* Output:
        Received event. Shape area is now 10201.86
        Drawing a circle
        Received event. Shape area is now 49
        Drawing a rectangle
 */

另請參閱

• 活動
• 委派
• 存取修飾詞
• 在 Windows Form 中建立事件處理常式